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rutten h telescope optics comprehensive manual amateur astronomers 1999

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Textbook in PDF format Telescope Optics - A Comprehensive Manual for Amateur Astronomers by Harrie G. J. Rutten and Martin A. M. Van Venrooij is a must-have handbook for any astronomer that explains why there are so many different kinds of telescopes and what each type has to offer. This book has been written for every amateur astronomer who owns a telescope and wants to know more about it. It was not so long ago that we found ourselves in much the same position and set out to learn more about optics. We soon realized, as we asked questions and searched for answers, that we were hardly alone in our ignorance. When we set out to find the answers to our questions about telescopes, this book was born. We were possibly too ambitious in trying to bridge the gap between amateur astronomer and professional optical designer, but we felt it needed to be done. In the past, when amateur telescopes were relatively simple and correspondingly easy to understand, there was no need for a book such as this. But today's telescopes and astrocameras, with their more sophisticated optics, require an understanding of optical theory considerably beyond anything now available in most amateur-level books. As a result, the modern telescope has become a "black box" to many of its most dedicated users. We believe it is quite possible for amateurs to design new optical systems and improve existing designs. Until recently, optical design was carried out only by professionals because optical calculations required the power of a mainframe computer. With the advent of fast and powerful home computers, fast ray tracing and optimization have come within the reach of determined amateurs. In the process of writing this book, we carried out a comprehensive investigation of many optical systems, analyzing them with our own computer. As we investigated the different telescope designs, we decided we could not ignore astrocameras, field correctors, and eyepieces. These optical systems, we feel, are as important as the telescopes themselves in understanding today's amateur optics. Contents Preface Editor's Note Introduction Development of the Amateur Telescope Early Developments Twentieth Century Developments First Order Optics: Lenses and Mirrors Refraction and Reflection Image Formation The Optical System of the Telescope Flat Plates and Prisms Image Aberrations and Their Presentation The Spot Diagram Image Aberrations Spherical Aberration Coma Astigmatism Curvature of Field Distortion Chromatic Aberrations Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration Lateral Color Presentation of Image Aberrations with Spot Diagrams Scaling Optical Systems Concluding Remarks The Newtonian Telescope Introduction The Spherical Mirror The Paraboloidal Mirror The Size of the Secondary Mirror The Refractor Correction of Aberrations Residual Aberrations in Objective Lenses Chromatic Aberration Spherical Aberration and Spherochromatism Evaluation of Lens Objectives The Cassegrain Telescope Introduction Curvature of Field Optical Performance Baffling The Schmidt Camera Introduction Optical Principles The Schmidt Corrector Characteristics of the Schmidt Camera Results of Optical Ray Tracing The Field-Flattened Schmidt Camera The Lensless Schmidt The Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope General Classification Treatment of Systems "Visual" Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope Close Focusing in the SCT Flat-Field Schmidt-Cassegrain Systems Computer-Aided Design The Maksutov Camera Introduction Maksutov Camera Designs The Optimum Meniscus Corrector The Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope Introduction Maksutov-Cassegrain Systems Meniscus Correctors Curved- and Flat-Field Maksutov-Cassegrain The Schiefspiegler Introduction Optical Principles of Schiefspieglers Results of Opti~al Ray Tracing Other Compound Systems Introduction Full-Aperture Correctors: Schmidt Derivatives Full-Aperture Correctors: Houghton Derivatives Focal Correctors: Jones, Bird, and Brixner Unusual Compound Systems 136 Gregorians, Relay Telescopes, and Wright's Off-Axis Catadioptric Field Correctors Introduction The Single-Lens Field Flattener The Distant Field Flattener Field Correctors for Newtonians Focal Extenders and Reducers Focal Extenders Focal Reducers Remarks on Achromatic Combinations Eyepieces for Telescopes Introduction Eyepiece Types Aberrations and Other Eyepiece Characteristics Ray-Tracing Eyepieces Ray-Trace Results for Eyepieces Used for Projection The Performance of Objective-Eyepiece Combinations Introduction Astigmatism and Field Curvature Accommodation of the Eye Analyzing Objective-Eyepiece Combinations Combinations Examined Results of Ray Tracing Discovering Favorable Objective-Eyepiece Combinations Deviations, Misalignments, and Tolerances Introduction Surface Accuracy Deviations and Misalignment Influence of Deviations and Misalignments Tolerance Analysis Correcting Manufacturing Deviations Resolution, Contrast, and Optimum Magnification Introduction Resolving Point Sources Resolving Power and Contrast for Extended Objects Contrast Transfer in a Perfect Optical System Contrast Transfer for Imperfect Optical Systems Central Obstructions Obstructed Telescopes for Visual Use Residual Aberrations The Value of the Contrast Transfer Function Optimum Magnification Opaquing and Vignetting Introduction Baffles for Refractors and Newtonians Baffling for Cassegrain Telescopes Stops and Vignetting 2 Internal Reflections in Catadioptric Systems Lens Coatings Optical Calculations Introductory Remarks to Chapters 20 and 21 Methods of Optical Calculation Optical Surfaces Conic Sections Higher-Order Surfaces Sign Conventions The Paraxial Calculation The Seidel Calculation The Meridional Calculation The Skew-Ray Trace Introduction Flat Surfaces Spherical Surfaces Conic Sections Higher-Order Surfaces Calculation of Non-Centered Systems Using Ray-Trace Results Magnitude of the Image Aberrations Determining the Diameters of Optical Elements Other Optical Calculations Designing Telescope Optical Systems Introduction Designing a Cassegrain Designing a Catadioptric Cassegrain Designing a Schmidt-Cassegrain Designing a Houghton-Cassegrain Designing a Maksutov-Cassegrain Designing Single-Mirror Catadioptrics (Astrocameras) Designing Sfhmidt and Wright Cameras Designing a Houghton Camera Designing a Maksutov Camera The Shape of the Schmidt Corrector Optimization Techniques Designing a Two-Element Achromatic Refractor Objective Introduction Doublet Design Procedure Achromatizing a Doublet Lens Correcting Spherical Aberration Correcting Coma Reducing Spherochromatism Other Degrees of Freedom An Alternate Method of Designing a Doublet Designing a Three-Element Apochromatic Refractor Objective Choosing Glass for a Triplet The Powers of the Elements Designing a Triplet Examples of Triplets Thick Optical Elements How to Use the Telescope Design Programs Capabilities Designing Telescopes with TDESIGN Designs Available with TDESIGN Using TDESIGN Lens Design with LENSDES Designing Lenses Using LENSDES Doublet Design with LENSDES Triplet Design with LENSDES Rescaling Doublet and Triplet Designs The Telescope Optics Ray-Tracing Program Using RAYTRACE Vignetting Calculations Tilted and Decentered Surfaces Notes on Vignetting Computations Data Input Exercises Optimizing Predesigns from TDESIGN The Wright Design The Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope The Houghton Camera The Houghton-Cassegrain Telescope The Maksutov Camera The Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope Automatic Optimizations Appendix A: Schott Optical Glass Specifications References Index Computer Software

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Rutten H. Telescope Optics. A Comprehensive Manual for Amateur Astronomers 1999.pdf 29.5 MB

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rutten h telescope optics comprehensive manual amateur astronomers 1999