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torok b nontraditional activation methods green 2021

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Textbook in PDF format Nontraditional Activation Methods in Green and Sustainable Applications: Microwaves; Ultrasounds; Photo-, Electro- and Mechan-ochemistry and High Hydrostatic Pressure provides a broad overview of non-traditional activation methods to help readers identify and use appropriate approaches in reducing the environmental impact of their work. Sections discuss the fundamental principles of each method and provide examples of their practical use, illustrating their usefulness. Given the importance of expanding laboratory based technologies to the industrial level, chapters that cover both existing and potential industrial and environmental applications are also included. Highlighting the usefulness and adaptability of these methods for a range of practical applications, this book is a practical guide for both those involved with the design and application of synthetic methodologies and those interested in the implementation and impact of green chemistry principles in practice, from synthetic and medicinal chemists, to food developers and environmental policy planners. Contributors Application of nontraditional activation methods in green and sustainable chemistry: Microwaves, ultrasounds ... Introduction Microwave-assisted organic synthesis Ultrasonic activation Photochemical activation Electrochemical activation Activation by mechanochemistry Activation by high hydrostatic pressure Conclusions References Activation of chemical reactions on solid catalysts under microwave irradiation Introduction: What are the issues in applying microwave irradiation to promoting and controlling heterogeneous catalysis? Temperature measurements New trends: Temperature measurements combined with theoretical simulation New trends: Operando observation Structural design of the solid catalyst to control the temperature distribution Precise control of electromagnetic field achieved by solid-state generator of microwaves Toward applications in industries New horizon in special effects: Acceleration of electron transfer on solid surfaces Summary References References Recent advances in multicomponent microwave-assisted Ugi reactions Introduction The Ugi-four component reaction (U-4CR) Synthesis of the Boronate derivatives Sequential Ugi reactions: Four- or three-component coupling reaction The Ugi three-component coupling reaction (Ugi-3CC) Ugi five-component coupling (Ugi-5CC) Post-Ugi modification Conclusions References Microwave-assisted flow systems in the green production of fine chemicals Introduction Microwave reactors Applications of microwave-assisted flow systems Organic synthesis Esterification Pericyclic reactions Acetylation Williamson ether synthesis Hydrazinolysis α-Alkylation Metal-catalyzed coupling reactions Multicomponent reactions Microwave-assisted flow systems in the syntheses of inorganics and materials Nanomaterials Organometallics Applications using bio-based feedstock and in environmental chemistry Biodiesel production Glycerol conversion Biochar activation for water desalination Green ethylene production Volatile organic compound removal Solar cell material synthesis Conclusions References Application of sonochemical activation in synthetic organic chemistry Introductory remarks Sonochemistry Scientific background of the ultrasonic radiation Sonoluminescence The most important parameters of ultrasonic treatments Technical aspects of implementing sonochemical reactions Using ultrasonic irradiation in synthetic organic chemistry Syntheses with the assistance and control of ultrasound waves Noncatalytic transformations Ultrasound-accelerated reactions Alteration of reaction pathways by ultrasonic irradiation Catalyzed organic transformations Alteration of reaction pathways by ultrasonic irradiation The advantages of using the ultrasound-microwave irradiation hybrid technique Conclusions and outlook References The catalytic production of biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) using sonochemical, microwave, and mechanica ... Introduction Biodiesel production using nontraditional methods of activation Novel solid base catalysts (modified SrO) for biodiesel production using microwave activation Eggshell-derived CaO catalyst as stable solid base catalyst for biodiesel production using sonochemical activation Can there be alternative to microwave and sonochemical activation for biodiesel production? SrO/activated carbon for biodiesel production using solar energy as heating source Supercritical CO2 mediated microfluid reactor for biodiesel production Homogenization shows better yield efficiency than sonication with scaling up possibilities for biodiesel production69 Bioethanol production using nontraditional methods of activation Microwave activation of biomass and catalytic species to produce bioethanol Sonochemical activation of biomass and biocatalysts for the accelerated production of bioethanol Bioethanol production in a solar reactor Conclusion References References A new color in green chemistry: Photochromic molecular switches as components of multifunctional catalytic ... Introduction Photochromic scaffolds used in catalytic applications Azobenzenes Dithienylethenes Overcrowded alkene-based molecular motors Homogeneous catalysis Metal-free catalysis Early design Photoswitchable H-bond catalysis Photoswitchable base and nucleophilic catalysis Photoswitchable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis Organometallic catalysis Biphasic, heterogeneous, and supported catalysis Biphasic and micellar reactions Nanoparticle-based systems Photoswitchable host-guest systems Light-controlled reversible aggregation Controlling catalysis by surface ligand rearrangement Nanoparticle supported catalysis Conclusions and outlook References References Photochemical rearrangements in organic synthesis and the concept of the photon as a traceless reagent Introduction Photochemical position isomerization of heterocycles Photochemical rearrangements induced by electron and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) Photochemical electrocyclic reactions Photochemical cyclizations Conclusion References Electrochemical activation in organic synthesis applications Electrifying organic synthesis Electrochemical hardware The electrochemical cell The electrodes The electrolyte and the solvent Electrochemical activation in organic synthesis Conclusions References Electrochemical anodic oxidative fluorination and trifluoroalkylation of organic compounds Introduction Organofluorine chemistry Electrochemical fluorination Electrochemical fluorination using NF type reagents Partial fluorination of benzenoid ring substrates Electrochemical benzylic fluorination Electrochemical fluorination of alkenes Electrochemical fluorination of organosulfur compounds Electrochemical fluorination of heterocyclic compounds Electrochemical trifluoromethylation Conclusions and future outlook References Monitoring mechanochemical processes in situ and in real time Mechanochemistry: The ex situ paradigm Time-resolved in situ monitoring by powder X-ray diffraction Time-resolved in situ monitoring by vibrational spectroscopy Combining in situ time-resolved strategies: The tandem approach and beyond Combining PXRD and Raman spectroscopy Combining PXRD and thermography Combining PXRD, Raman spectroscopy, and thermography Laboratory-based tandem approaches Summary References From solution-based nonconventional activation methods to mechanochemical procedures: The hydantoin case Introduction Enabling Technologies at the service of hydantoin scaffold Miscellaneous methods CDI-mediated synthesis and cyclization of unsymmetrical ureas Multicomponent reactions (MCR) Photochemical rearrangements Preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and commodity chemicals Antiepileptic drug phenytoin Anticonvulsant drug ethotoin APIs containing an N-acylhydrazone: Nitrofurantoin and dantrolene Value-added N-1 chloramines Conclusions References References Application of mechanochemical activation in synthetic organic chemistry Introductory remarks Basics of mechanochemistry Tools and scientific background of mechanochemical treatment8 Reactions proceeding differently on mechanochemical treatment than under wet chemical conditions Reactions accelerated by mechanochemical activation Alternative or new reaction pathways not possible in solution Solvent-free multistep reactions Synthesis of supramolecules Mechanochemical activation coupled to other activation methods Conclusion and outlook References Sonomechanochemistry Introduction Mechanochemistry in context The force of sound Mechanophore activation by sonication Structure-reactivity relationships in sonomechanochemical reactions Mechanochemical polymerization initiated by ultrasound Molecular assembly and disassembly Sonocrystallization Outlook References Diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis by nontraditional activation methods: Ultrasonic, microwave, electro-, photo- and mechanochemically activated reactions Introduction Asymmetric reactions in Sonochemistry Hydrogenation Michael additions with phase transfer catalysis Organometallic chemistry Synthesis of asymmetric Schiff bases Microwave-assisted catalytic asymmetric synthesis Asymmetric allylic alkylation Asymmetric Heck reaction Organocatalysts in asymmetric synthesis Asymmetric reductions Miscellaneous microwave-assisted transformations Asymmetric reactions by electrochemical activation Anodic oxidation Amidation Oxidative coupling Olefin oxidation Cathodic reduction Asymmetric synthesis by photochemical activation Single bifunctional catalysis strategy Dual catalysis strategy Mechanochemical activation: Ball milling in asymmetric synthesis Condensation Michael addition reaction CC coupling reactions Conclusion References High hydrostatic pressure in food industry applications Introduction Difference between HHP and heat Research and development for HHP food processing Effect of HHP on food Microbial food safety Physical changes in food components Physical changes in foods Biochemical changes in foods HHP food processing equipment Cost of HHP food processing46 Concluding remarks References References Index

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