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hussain c smart supercapacitors fundamentals structures applications 2023

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Textbook in PDF format Smart Supercapacitors: Fundamentals, Structures and Applications presents current research and technology surrounding smart supercapacitors, also exploring their rapidly emerging characteristics and future potential advancements. The book begins by describing the basics and fundamentals related to supercapacitors and their applicability as smart and next generation energy storing devices. Subsequent sections discuss electrode materials, their fabrication, specific designing techniques, and a review of the application and commercialization of this technology. This book will appeal to researchers and engineers from both academia and industry, making it a vital resource to help them revolutionize modern supercapacitors. Explores the potential applications of supercapacitors Covers the entire spectrum of new advances and recent trends on research in supercapacitors Explains reliability, safety, economics and market trends surrounding the use of supercapacitors from a sustainable perspective Key Features: Explores the potential applications of supercapacitors. Covers the entire spectrum of new advances and recent trends on research in supercapacitors. Explains reliability, safety, economics and market trends surrounding the use of supercapacitors from a sustainable perspective. Contributors About the editors Preface Fundamentals of supercapacitors General introduction about electrochemistry and supercapacitors (Rakesh Kumar Ameta, Shantilal S. Mehetre, Gajendra Kumar Inwati, Supriya Subhash Behere) Electrochemistry Introduction Electrochemistry and energy storage devices Supercapacitors Introduction Classification of supercapacitors Electrochemical double-layer capacitors Activated carbons Aerogels of carbon Carbon nanotubes Pseudocapacitors (PSC) Conducting polymers Metal oxides Hybrid capacitors Composite Asymmetric Battery type Theories Helmholtz theory Gouy Chapman and Stern theory Grahame theory Construction of supercapacitor Current collectors, electrodes electrolytes, and separator Mechanism of supercapacitor [48-50] Charging process Process of discharging Merits of supercapacitors Application of supercapacitors Hybrid buses Automotive Traction Electronic applications and renewable energy [51] Conclusion Acknowledgments References Historical perspective of electrochemical energy storage devices (P.E. Saranya, Rekha Pachaiappan, Jean Maria Fernandes, Reddivari Muniramaiah, D. Paul Joseph, M. Kovendhan) Introduction Batteries versus fuel cells versus supercapacitors: A comparison Batteries Introduction Working of a battery Types of batteries Lithium-ion batteries Other kinds of batteries Fuel cells Introduction Working of fuel cells Parts of fuel cells Types of fuel cells Fuel cells based on polymer electrolyte membrane Direct methanol fuel cells Alkaline fuel cells Fuel cells based on phosphoric acid Molten carbonate fuel cells Solid oxide fuel cells Reversible fuel cells Supercapacitors Introduction Working of supercapacitors Classification of supercapacitors Electric double-layer capacitors Pseudocapacitors Hybrid capacitors Conclusion List of Abbreviations References Supercapacitors—new developments (Shantilal S. Mehetre, Rakesh Kumar Ameta, Supriya Subhash Behere, Gajendra Kumar Inwati) Introduction Materials for supercapacitor electrodes Carbon-based electrode materials Activated carbons Carbon nanotubes Graphene Conducting polymers PANI Polypyrrole Metals oxides Composites Electrolytes Aqueous electrolytes Organic electrolytes Ionic liquid electrolytes Hybrid materials from biowaste for supercapacitors Modern trends in supercapacitor technology Conclusion and future prospects Acknowledgments References Fundamental understanding of charge storage mechanism (A. Rajapriya, S. Keerthana, N. Ponpandian) Introduction Supercapacitors Faradaic and non-Faradaic process Faradaic process Non-Faradaic Electrode and electrolyte interfaces Energy storage mechanism Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) The energy mechanism for EDLC Activated carbons Carbon nanotubes Pseudocapacitors Electrode/electrolyte interface in Faradaic processes Conducting polymers Metal oxides Hybrid capacitors Composite Asymmetric Battery-type Advantages of supercapacitor Disadvantages of supercapacitor Conclusion References Fundamentals of supercapacitors (C.G. Jinitha, S. Virgin Jeba, S. Sonia, Rajendran Ramachandran) Background Development of supercapacitors Structure of supercapacitor Working principle of supercapacitors Classification of supercapacitors Double-layer capacitors Hybrid capacitors Pseudocapacitors Role of 2D materials Metal oxides/hydroxides for supercapacitors Graphene-based metal oxide for supercapacitors Functions of MXenes and metal chalcogenide materials MXenes Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) Conclusion References Research and technology on smart supercapacitors (Selvadhas Nirmala Kanimozhi, Subbiah Vijaya, Belqasem Aljafari, Sambandam Anandan) Introduction What makes supercapacitor super? Ragone plot How do supercapacitors store energy? Electrical double-layer capacitance (EDLC) mechanism Pseudocapacitance Hybrid supercapacitance Properties of smart supercapacitors Shape memory Self-healing supercapacitors Supercapacitors integrated with photodetectors Flexible supercapacitors Trends in smart supercapacitor technology Conclusion Acknowledgments References Rapidly emerging aspects & future R&D directions for supercapacitor (Mohamed Ismail M, Raghavendra Babu B, Arivanandhan M, Jayavel R) Introduction Advancement in assembling of hybrid supercapacitor Flexible-based supercapacitors Areas intended for research to commercial applications in flexible supercapacitors Research gap identification Lithium-ion capacitor Electrode materials for LIC Graphene nanocomposite as supercapacitor electrode Microsupercapacitor Structural design Charge storage mechanism of microsupercapacitors Device preparation methods Screen printing Inkjet printing Photolithography Laser scribing Mask assisted filtering Advancement in electrode materials structural research Future aspects and challenges in development of supercapacitor Conclusion References Smart supercapacitors — a new perspective (Gajendra Kumar Inwati, Shantilal Mehetre, Rakesh Kumar Ameta, Promod Kumar, Hendrik C. Swart, Virendra Kumar Yadav, Bharat A. Makwana, Shakti Devi Kakodiya, Govindhan Gnanamoorthy) Introduction Manufacturing and designing of g-C3N4 Structural characteristics of g-C3N4 Significance of g-C3N4 toward supercapacitor applications Summary and conclusions Conflicts of interest/Competing interests Acknowledgments References Electrode materials for EDLC and pseudocapacitors (M.G. Ashritha, K. Hareesh) Introduction Electrode materials Carbon nanomaterials for EDLCs Activated carbon (AC) Caron nanotubes (CNTs) Graphene and its nanocomposites Transition metal oxides/hydroxides Ruthenium oxide (RuO2) Manganese dioxide (MnO2) Nickel oxide (NiO) and nickel hydroxide [Ni (OH)2] Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) Vanadium oxide (VOx) Other transition metal oxides Conducting polymer for pseudocapacitors Summary and outlook References Hybrid supercapacitors, formation, and new advances with different electrochemical electrodes based on layered double hydroxides (LDHs), metal–organic framework (MOF) materials, smart supercapacitors (Arun Thirumurugan, Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan, S. Shanavas, R. Udayabhaskar, Mauricio J. Morel, N. Dineshbabu, K. Ravichandran, Lukas Schmidt-Mende, Ananthakumar Ramadoss) Introduction to hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) Layered double hydroxide (LDH) Metal–organic framework (MOF) Smart supercapacitors Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgment References Electrolyte materials for supercapacitors (Aqib Muzaffar, M. Basheer Ahamed, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain) Introduction Fundamentals of supercapacitors Electrolytes; materials and compositions for supercapacitors Aqueous electrolytes Strong acid electrolytes Alkaline electrolytes Neutral electrolytes Organic electrolytes Ionic liquid electrolytes Solid or quasisolid-state electrolytes Redox-active electrodes Design requirements for electrolytes in supercapacitors Electrolyte conductivity Salt effect Solvent effect Electrochemical stability Thermal stability Conclusion References Nanomaterials for supercapacitors (Achref Chebil, Chérif Dridi) [i]Introduction[/i] Energy storage devices Supercapacitor performances key parameters Specific capacitance Energy and power densities Cycling stability Active nanomaterials for supercapacitors Electrochemical double-layer capacitance (EDLC) structure Pseudo-capacitance Conclusion Acknowledgment References Nanocarbons (graphene, etc.), MXenes for energy storage applications (Murugesan Krishnaveni, Sambandam Anandan, Belqasem Aljafari, Muthupandian Ashokkumar) Introduction History of supercapacitor technology Benefits & drawbacks of supercapacitors Electrode materials Unzipped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (UzMWCNT) via different preparation techniques for supercapacitor electrodes Chemical method Tour method Hydrothermal method Ultrasound-assisted synthesis Other preparation techniques CNT doped with metal oxide nanocomposites CNT related polymer nanocomposites Mxenes related materials Future direction and carbon nanotubes for various fields Conclusion Acknowledgment References Novel designs of carbon electrodes for the technological improvement of electrochemical capacitors (María José Mostazo-López, Yoshikiyo Hatakeyama, Soshi Shiraishi, Emilia Morallón, Diego Cazorla-Amorós) Introduction Principles of electrochemical capacitors Carbon electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Requirements for the application in electrochemical capacitors Role of carbon structure and porous texture Influence on capacitance, energy, and power density Influence on ESR and durability Role of surface chemistry Oxygen functional groups Nitrogen functional groups Requirements of carbon electrodes for the application in electrochemical capacitors Design of carbon electrodes with improved structural properties at nano and macroscale Carbon electrodes with unique porous structure and morphology Super activated carbons Ordered porous carbons (Zeolite templated carbons) (Ordered mesoporous carbons) Hierarchical porous carbons Carbon monoliths Seamless activated carbon electrode. Application in electrochemical capacitors Nitrogen-doped carbon materials Synthesis of N-doped carbon materials Direct synthesis from a nitrogen precursor Post-treatments of carbon materials with nitrogen reactants (Chemical functionalization through post-thermal treatments) (Chemical functionalization based in organic reactions at low temperature) Application of N-doped carbon materials in electrochemical capacitors Nitrogen-doped activated carbons Zeolite templated carbons (ZTCs) Hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) Nitrogen-doping of seamless activated carbon electrode. Application in electrochemical capacitors Conclusions Acknowledgment References Structures for supercapacitors Design and fabrication of supercapacitors (V. Vignesh, K. Subramani, M. Sathish, R. Navamathavan) Overview Microsupercapacitors Types of storage mechanisms in supercapacitors Electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) Faradaic or pseudo-capacitor Symmetric/asymmetric capacitors Hybrid-capacitor Quantum ECs Monitoring key features in design for performance evaluation of ECs Cell voltage Frequency response Cyclicstability Thermal effect Polarity Humidity Design structures of ECs Simple cell Coin cell Cylindrical cells Pouch cells Conduct area and positioning Design and construction in stacked ECs Cell stacking Cell balancing Active balancing Cell aging and voltage drop Design and fabrication of micro-ECs Fabrication methods of on-chip micro-ECs Photolithography technique Screen printing Ink-jet printing Microfluidic fabrication Laser scribing Challenges and perspectives on EC design and fabrication To micro-EC Summary ORCID References Development of symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors–a step towards efficient and practical energy storage (Tathagata Kar, Vijeth Rajshekar Shetty, Shaik Khadheer Pasha, Kalim Deshmukh, Srinivas Godavarthi, Mohan Kumar Kesarla) Introduction Symmetric supercapacitors Device configuration of symmetric supercapacitors Energy storage mechanism Evaluating the performance of symmetric supercapacitor devices Design and performance of symmetric supercapacitor devices Symmetric supercapacitors with carbon-based materials and their composites Metal oxide-based symmetric supercapacitor device Sulfides and carbides for symmetric supercapacitor devices Organic polymer-based symmetric supercapacitor devices MXene-based symmetric supercapacitor device Flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor devices Asymmetric supercapacitors Energy density and capacitance calculations for asymmetric supercapacitor Asymmetric supercapacitors and charge-balancing principles Electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors Anode materials (Negative electrode materials) Cathode materials (positive electrode material) (Cathode material for capacitive asymmetric supercapacitors) (Cathode materials for hybrid capacitors) Types of asymmetric supercapacitor devices (Sandwich type asymmetric supercapacitors) (Wearable fiber type asymmetric supercapacitors) (Coaxial helix type asymmetric supercapacitors) Summary Acknowledgment References Metal-based hybrid capacitors (K.S. Rajni, D. Pughal Selvi, T. Raguram) Introduction Materials used in hybrid supercapacitor Ternary metal oxide-based hybrid supercapacitors Quaternary metal oxide-based hybrid capacitors Conclusion References Recent progress on materials, architecture, and performances of hybrid battery-supercapacitors (Manoj K. Singh, Sujeet K. Chaurasia) Introduction Principle of charge storage mechanism Performance characteristics Recent advances in materials and performance of hybrid BatCaps Acidic BatCaps Alkaline hybrid BatCaps Li-ion hybrid BatCaps Na-ion hybrid BatCaps Hybrid BatCaps with redox electrolytes Summary and future prospective Acknowledgment References Smart supercapacitors Transport supercapacitors (S. Brindha Devi, V. Vignesh, P. Vinoth Kumar, Min Suk Oh, R. Navamathavan) Introduction Supercapacitors in transport Vehicles applications of supercapacitors Stop-go hybrids Analysis Start-stop operation mode analysis Start-stop reason analysis Start-stop control system Mild hybrid-charge sustainability Parallel mild hybrids Reach attained in this project Hybrid buses Energy storage systems (ESS) Configuration and power management system Ultracapacitor in buses Availability of buses Energy consumption of electric buses Hybrid and electric transit buses in market The equipped minibus Electric cars Energy storage devices in electric vehicles Supercapacitors in Tesla Advantages and challenges Charging stations Architecture of charging Future scope Conclusions References Flexible supercapacitors (Aqib Muzaffar, M. Basheer Ahamed, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain) Introduction Types of flexible supercapacitors Fiber-like flexible supercapacitors Paper-like flexible supercapacitors Three-dimensional (3D) porous structures for flexible supercapacitors Sponge-like flexible supercapacitors Materials for flexible supercapacitors Conducting polymer-based flexible supercapacitors Polyaniline (PANI) Polypyrrole (PPY) Polythiophene (PTh) and its derivatives Conclusion References Recent advances in microsupercapacitors: material design, system construction, and applications (Ankita Mohanty, Nilimapriyadarsini Swain, Ananthakumar Ramadoss) Introduction Fundamental constituents of MSCs Substrate and current collector Active electrode material for MSCs Carbon-based materials Metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal sulfides, and conducting polymers Electrolytes Device design Device fabrication Photolithography Printing Laser direct writing True performance evaluation methods for MSCs Integrated designs from MSCs Summary and future prospective Conflict of interest Acknowledgment References Wearable supercapacitors (Sambit Satpathy, Munesh Chandra Trivedi, Vishal Goyal, Mohan Prakash) Introduction Energy storage principles and structural characteristics of supercapacitors Wearable supercapacitors using carbon-based soft electrodes Graphene-based electrodes were supported by flexible and elastic substrates Textile fiber electrodes made of graphene Hydrogels made of conductive polymer for WSCs Conclusion challenges and future prospects References Stretchable supercapacitor (Kailasa Saraswathi, Chevulamaddi Harish, B. Geeta Rani, Songhita Meher, Arepally Avinash, K. Venkateswara Rao) Introduction Materials based electrodes consideration for stretchable supercapacitor devices Scheming methods consideration for stretchable supercapacitors Stretchable supercapacitor applications Electronic skins (E-skins) Stretchable energy storage devices Stretchable self-powered wearable electronics Future trends and conclusions Acknowledgments Funding Declaration of conflicting interests References Healable supercapacitors (V. Andal, Karthik Kannan, R. Lakshmipathy) Introduction Electrode materials for healable supercapacitors Polymers Hydrogel Carbon Self-healing electrolytes for supercapacitor Design and fabrication of healable supercapacitor Opportunities and challenges of healable supercapacitor Conclusion References Sustainable supercapacitor Industrial manufacturing of supercapacitors (V. Vignesh, R. Divya, M. Sundararajan, S. Yuvaraj) Introduction Development of supercapacitor Industrial manufacturing of supercapacitors Cell design of supercapacitors Historical background on supercapacitors development Important features in industrial manufacturing of SCs Components for manufacturing SCs Important precautions to be considered in the industrial production of supercapacitors Brief development of industrial supercapacitor Industrial applications Defense and aerospace applications (Laser weapons) (Catapults or aircraft carriers) Transportation industry Medical industry Conclusion References Testing and measurement techniques for supercapacitors (Aqib Muzaffar, M. Basheer Ahamed, Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain) Introduction Instrumentation and measurement Different configurations of supercapacitor Conventional supercapacitor configurations (Three-electrode configuration) (Two-electrode configuration) Nonconventional configurations (Flexible supercapacitors) (Stretchable supercapacitors configurations) Analytical testing techniques for evaluation of supercapacitor parameters Cyclic voltammetry (CV) Galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Parameters evaluated using testing techniques for supercapacitors Specific capacitance Resistance Energy density Power density Coulombic efficiency Constant current discharges for a supercapacitor Constant power discharge for a supercapacitor Conclusion References Comparison between supercapacitors and other energy storing electrochemical devices (Anjaiah Sheelam, William T. Mcleod, Rajashekar Badam, Melissa King, Jeffrey G. Bell) Introduction Difference between a capacitor and supercapacitor Comparison of energy storage mechanism of EES devices Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs Pseudocapacitors (Underpotential deposition) (Redox pseudocapacitance) (Intercalation pseudocapacitance) Batteries Primary batteries Secondary batteries Redox flow batteries (RFBs) Regenerative fuel cells (RFCs) Comparison of electrochemical features Comparison of performance metrics and evaluation methods Electric double-layer capacitors Pseudocapacitors Hybrid supercapacitors Lead-acid batteries Nickel–cadmium batteries Lithium-ion batteries Metal–sulfur batteries Metal–air batteries Redox-flow batteries Fuel cells Comparison of recent progress of supercapacitors and batteries Advantages and disadvantages of supercapacitors and other electrochemical energy storage systems Current progress for future challenges 3D-printing The interest of 3D-printing in electrochemical energy storage devices 3D-printing in batteries 3D-printing in supercapacitors Challenges of 3D-printing Machine learning Conclusions References Sustainability of current state-of-the-art supercapacitors: a case study (Mathew K. Francis, K. Rajesh, P. Balaji Bhargav, Nafis Ahmed, C. Balaji) Introduction Specific capacitance Power density Energy density Cycle stability Cost-effectiveness Eco-friendliness Social impacts Electrode materials Activated carbon (AC) Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) Graphene (Gr) Carbon aerogels (CA) Transition metal oxides (TMOs) Transition metal sulphides (TMSs) Conducting polymers (CP) Other electrode materials Electrolytes Aqueous electrolytes (AEs) Organic electrolytes (OEs) Ionic liquids (ILs) Summary and future perspective References Quasi-solid-state electrolytes for pseudocapacitors and batteries (Rajesh Sahoo, Smita Mohanty, Ananthakumar Ramadoss) Introduction Quasi-solid-state electrolytes (QSSEs) Types of QSSEs Materials used in QSSEs Quasi-solid-state electrolytes in energy-storing devices Batteries with QSSEs Pseudocapacitors with QSSEs Hybrid energy-storing devices with QSSEs Summary and Future aspects Acknowledgment Abbreviations References Current problems and future development directions of smart supercapacitors Commercialization and market for supercapacitor (V. Vignesh, M. Manikandan, M. Srinivasan, G. Venkatesh, S. Vignesh, N. Elavarasan, G. Palanisamy, P. Ramasamy) Introduction Recent developments of SCs Supercapacitor’s market Key impacting factors in SCs market Competition analysis Commercial applications of supercapacitors Transport applications Industrial applications Défense application Laser weapons Railgun Pulsed linear accelerator weapon Summary References Potential impact of smart-hybrid supercapacitors in novel electronic devices and electric vehicles (S. Divyadharshini, Rekha Pachaiappan, Jean Maria Fernandes, R. Rathika, D. Paul Joseph, M. Kovendhan) Introduction to smart and hybrid supercapacitors Need for a capacitor and battery Role of a supercapacitor against conventional capacitor Nature of double layer and diffusion phenomenon in supercapacitors Types of fiber supercapacitors Electrode preparation and modification for supercapacitors Implications of supercapacitors on technology Fabrication of electrode materials for supercapacitor applications Metal oxide electrodes for supercapacitors Conducting polymer-based electrodes Polymer/carbon-based electrode materials Polymer/metal oxide composites Copolymer electrodes Strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors Carbon nanomaterials for enhanced performance of supercapacitors Methods for electrode materials synthesis Hydrothermal/solvothermal technique Sol–gel technique Direct coating technique Coprecipitation technique Other synthesis techniques Working mechanism of smart supercapacitor Principle of smart supercapacitor Electrode technologies Carbon-based electrodes for smart supercapacitors and their configuration Graphene oxide based electrode Configurations of smart supercapacitor Characteristics of smart supercapacitors Self-healing supercapacitor Shape memory supercapacitor Electrochromic supercapacitor and hybrid derivatives Photo-switching and photo-detection Applications of smart hybrid supercapacitors Role of smart hybrid supercapacitors in electric vehicles Evolution of hybrid energy vehicles Role of smart hybrid supercapacitors in electronic system Scope for future developments References Future of smart supercapacitors (Promod Kumar, Mohan Chandra Mathpal, Gajendra Kumar Inwati, Mart-Mari Duvenhage, Edson L. Meyer, M.A.G. Soler, Hendrik C. Swart) Introduction Spinel nanoferrites as smart supercapacitors Future of smart supercapacitors Smart supercapacitor as a flexible device Hybridization of smart supercapacitors Intelligentization and transparency: smart supercapacitor Improvement of the cost performance of the smart supercapacitors Requirement of the society Conclusion Acknowledgment References Index

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hussain c smart supercapacitors fundamentals structures applications 2023

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