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alexopoulos s kalogirou s solar thermal energy 2022

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Textbook in PDF format This volume of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Second Edition, describes technologies that actively convert solar radiation into useful heat in a temperature range from just above ambient up to more than 1,000°C. Applications cover a broad range of energy services such as space heating, cooking, domestic hot water supply, electrical power generation, and high temperature thermochemical processes. The major developments that have led to currently available technologies for solar thermal energy applications were initiated mainly after the first oil shock in 1973. Solar thermal energy is widely used already for heating purposes (water, space) in the “low” temperature range up to about 100°C employing mainly nonconcentrating collectors, whereas higher temperatures can be achieved with more sophisticated solar collector technologies. Temperatures over 200°C typically require concentrating solar radiation using mirror systems. Several different technologies are described in detail in this volume, including solar collector systems in the lower temperature range, the direct use of solar radiation for food processing, namely cooking and drying, the production of electricity through conversion of solar radiation first to heat, driving a mechanical conversion system coupled to an electric generator, the use of solar radiation to drive chemical processes, and many more. About the Editor-in-Chief. About the Editors. Contributors. Introduction. Solar Thermal Energy: Introduction. Glossary. Section Content Overview. Bibliography. Solar Thermal Energy: History. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Introduction. Renewable Energy Technologies. History of Solar Energy. Concentrating System for Power Production. Solar Drying. Solar Desalination. History of Desalination. Conclusions. References. Solar Thermal Concentrated Systems. Estimation of Concentrated Solar Power Potential. Glossary. Abbreviations. Definition of the Subject and its Importance. Introduction. Worldwide CSP Potential. DNI Maps of Different World Regions. Assessment Criteria for CSP Potential Analysis. Exclusion Criteria. DNI. Slope of the Terrain. Excluded Land. Protected Areas. Limiting Criteria. Land Use. Infrastructure (Roads, Power Transmission Lines). Geology and Natural Hazards (Earthquake, Storm, Flood, High Wind Load). Geomorphology/ Soil Characteristics. Hydrology/ Water Demand/ Cooling Mode. Energy Demand. Impact (Acoustic, Visual). Methods and Examples. Conclusions. Bibliography. Parabolic Trough Solar Technology. Glossary. Definition of the Subject and its Importance. Introduction. Technology Description. PTC Mirror. Absorber (Receiver). Performance Properties of Receivers for PTC. Support Structure. Tracking and Drive Mechanism. Foundation and Pylons. Heat Transfer Fluid. PTC Performance. Future Directions. Bibliography. Primary Literature. Books and Reviews. Linear Fresnel Collectors. Glossary. Definition of the Subject and Its Importance. Introduction. Design of Linear Fresnel Reflectors. Reference Area. Receiver Design. Benefits and Disadvantages. Future Directions. Bibliography. Concentrating Receiver Systems (Solar Power Tower). Glossary. Definition of the Subject and Its Importance. Introduction. Advantages of the Use of CRS for Supply of Energy. Concentrating Receiver Systems for Power Production. Heliostat Field. Heliostat Components. Heliostat Types. Heliostat Shapes. Canted-Glass Mirror Heliostat. Stretched-Membrane Focused and Nonfocused Heliostat. Flat-Type Single-Mirror Heliostats. Heliostat Size. Heliostat Field Design. Theoretical Considerations. Heliostat Aiming Strategies. Receiver. Direct Absorption Receiver: Falling Particle or Molten Salt Liquid Film. Tube Receiver. Cavity Receiver. Air Receiver. Open Volumetric Receiver. Pressured Volumetric Receiver. Tower. Providing Firm and Dispatchable Power. Characteristics of Different Heat Transfer Fluids. Molten Salt. Water/Steam. Air. Others. Increase of Operation Hours of CRS by Storage and Hybridization. Storage. Hybridization. Examples of CRS Plants. Research Facilities. Solar One. Solar Two. National Solar Thermal Test Facility. CESA-1. Themis. CSIRO. Solar Research Facility Unit. Solar Tower Plant Jülich (STJ). Commercial. Sierra SunTower. PS10. PS20. Gemasolar. Solar Tower Plant Jülich (STJ). Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project (Tonopah). Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating Station (ISEGS). Ashalim Solar Thermal Power Station (Megalim). NOOR III. Khi Solar One. Under Construction or Under Development. Secondary Uses of CRS. Economical Considerations. Investment Costs. Operation and Maintenance Costs. Levelized Electricity Cost. Future Cost Development. Future Directions. Bibliography. Primary Literature. Books and Reviews. Solar Dish Systems. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Definition of a Solar Dish. Origins of Solar Dishes. The Challenge of Low Cost. Styles of Solar Dishes. Evolution of Designs. Size. Tracking Style. Structure. Mirror Panels. Power Conversion Units. Stirling Engines. Steam Engines. Steam Generation. Organic Rankine Cycles. Air Brayton. Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV). Thermochemical. Energy Storage. Dish-Mounted Thermal Storage. Central Thermal Storage. Cost Reduction Opportunities. Future Directions. Acknowledgments. References. Solar Updraft Towers. Glossary. Definition of the Subject and Its Importance. Introduction. Solar Updraft Tower Technical Concept. Principle. Components. Collector. Glass Roof. Designing the Canopy Near the Tower. Vacuum-Cleaning the Roof. Storage. Tower. Loads on the Tower. Turbines. Turbine Layout. Airflow. Calculations. Flow Redirection into the Tower. Generator. Safety. Physical Model. Prototype. Transferring the Results to Large-Scale Plants. Large-Scale Solar Updraft Towers. General System Advantages. Electricity Generation Costs. Future Directions. References. Primary Literature. Books and Reviews. Application of Solar Thermal Concentrated Systems. Parabolic Trough and Solar Tower Power Plants, Measuring Systems, Testing, and Monitoring Methods. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Introduction. Site Survey with Weather Sensors. Irradiation Measurement and Sunshine Forecast. Further Weather Sensors and Measuring Stations for a Site Survey. Surveying of the Sunshape. Measurement of the Essential Features of Various Key Components. Tests in the Mirror Field. Inspection of the Geometric Quality of the Mirrors. Deflectometry. Photogrammetry. Laser Scan Concept. Inspection of the Quality of Reflection. Technique for Measurement of the Orientation of Heliostats. Use of Camera Drone for Thermal and Optical Surveys. Examination of the Receiver. Flux Density Measurement at the Absorber. Flux Density Measurement: Measuring Methods on Solar Towers and Solar Ovens. Flux Density Measurement: Measuring Methods on Parabolic Trough Systems and Fresnel Mirror Systems. Receiver Reflection Method. ParaScan. Infrared Light Measurement at the Absorber. References. Dynamical Behavior of CSP Plants. Glossary. Introduction. Dynamic Behavior: A Classification Related to Time Scales. Dynamic Behavior of Parabolic Trough Systems. Solar Field Temperature Control. Solar Field Start-Up Process. Coupling of the Solar Field to the Storage and Power Block. Dynamic Behavior of Solar Tower Systems. General Considerations. Model Based Control Methods. Operation of Molten Salt Receiver Systems. Problematic Cloud Situations. Nowcasting Systems. Calculation of Annual Energy Production. Future Directions. Bibliography. Solar Simulators. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Introduction. Applications. Space Solar Simulators. Solar Simulators for PV Cells. Solar Simulators for CSP. Further Applications. Light Sources. General Requirements. Airmass Spectra. Classification of Spectral Matching. Power Output. Discharge Lamps. Carbon Arc Lamp. Xenon Short-Arc Lamp. Metal Halide Lamp. Argon Lamps. Tungsten Halogen Lamp. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Simulator Design. Preliminary Remarks. Optical Devices. Reflectors. Reflective Coating. Fresnel Lenses. High-Flux Solar Simulators. Elliptic Reflector Based Design. Fresnel Lens Based Design. Low-Flux Solar Simulators. Xenon Lamp Based Design. LED-Based Design. Halogen-LED Hybrid Solar Simulators. Flux Measurement and Flux Profiles. Flux Measurements. Strategies for Setting Up the Required Flux Profile. Outlook. Bibliography. Further Reading. Porous Materials for Solar Energy Harvesting, Transformation, and Storage. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Introduction. The Basic Receiver Principles. The Basic Receiver/Reactor Principles. The Basic Principles of Thermochemical Storage Technology. Physical Requirements of Porous Structures for Use as Receivers. Porous Structures Applied as Volumetric or Tube Receivers. Extruded Silicon Carbide Catalyst Carriers (Hitrec). Additively Manufactured Metals. Advanced Cellular Metal Honeycombs. Engineered Hybrid Tube Receivers. Metal Wire Meshes. Ceramic Foams. SiC Fiber Mesh. Screen Printed Absorber Samples (Direct Typing Process). Material Combinations. Overview. Porous Structures Used as Receiver/Reactors. Porous Structures in Thermochemical Storage Systems. Absorber Qualification. Physical Restrictions of Volumetric Receivers. Experimental Determination of Non-stable Flow. Conclusions. Nomenclature. References. Thermal Energy Storage. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Introduction. Principles of Sensible Heat Storage. Solid Storage Materials. Liquid Storage Materials. Applications of Water Storages for Solar Energy. Molten Salt. Further Liquid Storage Materials. Principles of Latent Heat Storage. Cold Storage (0 C and Below). Low-Temperature Storage (0-120 C). Salt Hydrates. Paraffins. Applications for Solar Heating and Cooling. High-Temperature PCM Storage (Above 120 C). Heat Transfer Concepts and Composites. Principles of Chemical Heat Storage. Gas-Solid Dissociation Reactions. Catalytic Reactions. Thermal Energy Storage for Concentrated Solar Power. Classification of Thermal Storage Systems. Thermal Energy Storage Concepts. Direct Storage of Liquid Working Fluid. Direct Storage with Phase Change (Steam Accumulators). Indirect Storage Concepts. Indirect Storage in Solid Media. Indirect Storage in Liquid Media. Indirect Storage with Phase Change Materials. Regenerator Storage for Solar Central Receiver Plants. Future Directions. Bibliography. Solar Energy in Thermochemical Processing. Glossary. Definition of the Subject and Its Importance. Introduction. Thermodynamics of Solar Thermochemical Conversion. Solar Thermochemical Processes. Solar Production of Fuels. Solar Production of Metals. Solar Production of H2/CO from H2O/CO2 Splitting and/or Fossil Fuels. Solar Production of H2 from Fossil Fuels. Solar Production of H2 from H2S. Solar Production of Material Commodities. Solar Metals and Metal Oxides, Metallic Carbides, and Nitrides. Solar Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes. Solar Lime and Cement. Solar Thermal Recycling of Hazardous Waste Materials. Life Cycle and Economic Analysis. Future Directions. Note. Nomenclature. Bibliography. Primary Literature. Books and Reviews. Non-concentrating Solar Thermal Systems and Their Application. Solar Collectors, Non-concentrating. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Introduction. Functioning of a Solar Collector. Construction of Solar Thermal Collectors. Absorber. Absorber Coating: Photo Thermal Layer. Absorber Material. Heat Removal Construction. Transparent Cover. Other Collector Housing Elements. Insulation. Reflector. Collector Types. Noncovered Flat Plate Collectors: WISC. Covered Liquid-Heating Flat-Plate Collectors. Evacuated Tube Collectors. Air-Heating Collectors. Future Directions. Bibliography. Solar Cookers and Dryers to Conserve Human and Planet Health. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Introduction. Solar Driers. Direct Solar Dryer. Indirect Solar Drier. Combined Solar Dryer. Cooking of Food. Energy and Temperature Required for Cooking. History of Solar Cooking. Different Types of Cookers. Hot-Box-Type Cookers. Concentrating-Type Cookers. Vapor-Type Cookers. Hybrid Cookers. Energy Storage Cookers. Author´s Work: Personal Interest in Solar Cooking. Food Warmer. Simple Hot Box Oven. Concentrating Cooker. Some Problems. Hybrid Cookers (Sun - AC Electricity). Hybrid Cooker (Sun - Gas). Electric Storage Models. Solar-Electric Microwave Oven. Portable 12-VDC Cooker. Solar Multi-voltage Cooker. Multipurpose Device. Solar Cooker Cum Water Heater. Solar Cooker Cum Dryer. Multipurpose and Hybrid Food Processor (Solar-Electric 110-VAC Cooker/Water, Pasteurizer/Still, and Dryer). Two Compartments Oven. Some Models of Other Authors. Cook Kit Model. Hybrid Concentrating Model. Advantages. Energy Saving. Cash Saving. Human Health. Social Aspects. Environmental Aspects. Other Uses of Solar Cooker. Number of Solar Cookers Globally. What Can Be Done to Extend the Use of Solar Cookers. Conclusions. Future Directions. Bibliography. Primary Literature. Books and Reviews. Solar Cooling Systems. Glossary. Definition of the Subject and Its Importance. Introduction. Physical Principles. Conversion Chains. Thermodynamic Analysis of Thermally Driven Chillers. Common System Designs. Closed Absorption Systems. Closed Adsorption Systems. Open Solid Desiccant Systems. Open Liquid Desiccant Systems. Subsystems and Further Equipment Components. Energy and Cost Performance. Energy Balance. Economical Assessment. Methodology of Economical Assessment - An Exemplary Simulation Study. System Experiences. Summary of Experiences. Future Directions. Bibliography. Primary Literature. Books and Reviews. Solar Detoxification and Disinfection of Water. Glossary. Definition of the Subject and Its Importance. Introduction. Solar TiO2 (Heterogeneous) Photocatalysis Applied to Water Decontamination. Fundamental Parameters Affecting Kinetics in Solar TiO2 (Heterogeneous) Photocatalysis Applied to Water Decontamination. Mass of Catalyst. pH. Temperature. Radiant Flux. Concentration of Oxygen. Solar Photo-Fenton. Effect of pH. Effect of Iron Concentration and Iron Source. Effect of Temperature. Solar Disinfection and Photocatalytic Disinfection. Solar Disinfection. Solar Photocatalytic Disinfection. Solar Hardware for Water Decontamination and Disinfection. Future Directions. Bibliography. Primary Literature. Books and Reviews. Common Closing Subject. Solar Thermal Systems: Life Cycle Assessment. Glossary. Definition of the Subject. Introduction to LCA: What Is It, What Does It Consider, Why Is It So Important. Introduction to the LCA Methodology for Multicriteria Analysis (MCA). Considerations in LCA. History of LCA. Significance and Limitations of LCA. LCA Focus. LCA for CSP. LCA for Parabolic Trough Collector Systems. LCA for Solar Tower Systems. LCA for Solar Thermal Systems at Low Temperature. LCA Comparison Results to Other Renewable Systems. Conclusions. Bibliography. Index

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alexopoulos s kalogirou s solar thermal energy 2022