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buchwald j rise wave theory light optical theory 1989

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Textbook in PDF format «No one interested in the history of optics, the history of eighteenth - and nineteenth-century physics, or the general phenomenon of theory change in science can afford to ignore Jed Buchwald's well-structured, highly detailed, and scrupulously researched book... Buchwald's analysis will surely constitute the essential starting point for further work on this important and hitherto relatively neglected episode of theory change». — John Worrall, Isis. Jed Z. Buchwald is associate professor in the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto. He is the author of From Maxwell to Microphysics, also published by the University of Chicago Press. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Selectionism. The Optical Ray. The Ray and Medium Theories. Ray in Newton’s Opticks and the Emission Theory. The Transformation of Experiment. Confronting Formulas with Experiment. Computing with Geometry. Embodying a Formula in an Instrument. The New Optics. The Concept of Polarization. Malus’s Discoveries. The Cosine Law Poses a Problem. The Asymmetric Ray. The Added Refraction. Deducing Malus’s Ratio Law. The Idea of «Depolarization». Ray Physics. Arago and the Discovery of Chromatic Polarization. Polarization and Newton’s Rings. Arago’s Discovery of Chromatic Polarization. Arago Passed By. Arago’s Unification. Mobile Polarization. Biot’s Intrusion. The Failure of Biot’s First Selectionist Formulas. Success. New Kind of Oscillation. Biot as an Emissionist. Fresnel, Diffraction, and Polarization. Fresnel’s Ray Theory of Diffraction. Augustin Jean Fresnel. The First Experiments. Fresnel’s Principle. Successes of the Binary Theory. The Efficacious Ray. Huygens’s Principle and the Wave Theory. The Superposition Equations. The Fresnel Integrals. The Prize Memoir. Objections to Huygens’s Principle. Understanding of Interference in the Early 1820s. The Puzzle of Polarization. The Effect of Polarization on Interference. Fresnel’s First Explanation of Chromatic Polarization. The Reflection of Polarized Light. Transverse Waves. The Effect of Interference on Polarization. Polarization Set in Motion. A New Vocabulary for Polarization. III Controversy and Unification. A Case of Mutual Misunderstanding. Arago’s Attack. The Polemic with Biot. Salvaging Mobile Polarization. 10 Selectionists and Polarization after 1815. Polarization in the Textbooks during the 1820s and Early 1830s. A Critique from Within. Brewster at the Periphery. Fresnel’s Final Unification. The Link between Polarization and Double Refraction. Replacing the Ray with the Wave Normal. Fresnel’s Construction. Mechanics in Fresnel’s Second Memoir. Arago’s Report. The Emerging Dominance of the Wave Theory. Herschel’s «Light». A New Mathematical Elite. «Optical Activity» between 1800 and 1850. The Functions of the Ether. Appendixes. Huygens’s Construction. Malus’s Algebraic Formulas for Huygens’s Construction. Slit and Obstacle Diffraction in the Fresnel Approximation. Fresnel on Chromatic Polarization. Fresnel’s Surfaces. Equations of Motion for the Point Ether. Conical Refraction. Malus’s Theory of Partial Reflection Reconstructed. The Structure of Natural Light. Arago’s Theory for Quartz. Optical Rotation. Biot’s Theory for Crossed Laminae. The Mirror Experiment. Poisson’s Spot. The Fresnel Rhomb. Fresnel’s First Analysis of Chromatic Polarization. Decomposing Reflected and Refracted Light. Arago’s Critique of Biot on Chromatic Polarization. Fresnel Mistakes Biot’s Meaning. Biot’s Explanation of Brewster’s Rings. Brewster Links Birefringence with Depolarization. Brewster’s Theory of Elliptical Polarization. Biot’s Discussion of Tints. Fresnel on Biot’s Dihedral Law. Fresnel on Biaxial Refraction. Notes. References. Name Index. Subject Index

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buchwald j rise wave theory light optical theory 1989

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