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andrews s light waves conceptual exploration physics 2023

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Textbook in PDF format This book explores light and other types of waves, using this as a window into other aspects of physics. It emphasizes a conceptual understanding, using examples chosen from everyday life and the natural environment. For example, it explains how hummingbird feathers create shimmering colors, how musical instruments produce sound, and how atoms stick together to form molecules. It provides a unique perspective on physics by emphasizing commonalities among different types of waves, including string waves, water waves, sound waves, light waves, the matter waves of quantum mechanics, and the gravitational waves of general relativity. This book is targeted toward college non-science majors, advanced high school students, and adults who are curious about our physical world. It assumes familiarity with algebra but no further mathematics and is classroom-ready with many worked examples, exercises, exploratory puzzles, and appendices to support students from a variety of backgrounds. Preface Contents Theories of Light Ancient Ideas About Light Extramission Theory Particle Theory Islamic Golden Age The Particle-Wave Debate Wave Theory Particle-Wave Duality Today Looking Ahead Summary Exercises Exercises Part IWaves Properties of Waves Introduction to Waves What Is a Wave? Amplitude and Wavelength Characterizing Waves Types of Waves Transverse and Longitudinal Waves Waves in , , and Dimensions Speed and Velocity Speed and Velocity Equations Speed of Light Measuring the Speed of Light* Speed of Light in a Medium High Frequency Stock Market Trading and the Speed of Light* Frequency and Period Cars on a Road Analogy Relating Velocity, Frequency, and Wavelength Frequency Frequency and Wavelength in a New Medium Summary Exercises Superposition Superposition of Waves The Superposition Principle Superposition with Different Frequencies Constructive and Destructive Interference Oscillations in Time Constructive and Destructive Interference Examples* Beating Patterns Standing Waves Reflection at Boundaries Standing Waves from Reflected Waves and Superposition Standing Waves Between Two Boundaries Interference Thin-Film Interference Examples of Thin-Film Interference* Interferometers and the Lack of an Aether* Diffraction Diffraction Through Holes and Around Obstacles Huygens's Principle Combining Diffraction and Interference Double-Slit Experiment Double-Slit Experiment Analysis* Diffraction Gratings* Single-Slit Experiment and Analysis* The Arago-Poisson Spot* Babinet's Principle Structural Coloration* Summary Exercises Exercises Wave Energy Energy and Power Energy Energy Units Wave Energy Power Energy Density and Power Density Spectra Intensity Spectra Continuous and Line Spectra Transmission Spectra Absorption Spectra* Resonance Resonance and Coupling Two Resonance Examples with String Waves* Resonance with Electromagnetic Waves Resonance with Microwaves and Infrared Light* The Tacoma Narrows and Millennium Bridges* Resonance is Reversible Non-Resonant Energy Transfer Abrupt Energy Transfer to Waves Energy Loss From Damping Summary Exercises Doppler Effects, Redshifts, and Blueshifts Doppler Effect Concepts The Doppler Effect for Sound Waves Cars on a Road Analogy Doppler Effect Applications* Red and Blue Shifts Gravitational and Cosmological Redshifts* Doppler Effect Equations Moving Observer Case Moving Source Equation General Equation Doppler Shifts for Reflections Doppler Effect on Wave Power* Relativistic Doppler Effect* Supersonic Motion Explanation Equations for Supersonic Motion* Summary Exercises Mechanical Waves Pendulums How Pendulums Work Momentum String Waves How String Waves Work Speed of String Waves Sound Waves How Sound Waves Work The Speed of Sound The Sound Spectrum* Sonar and Medical Ultrasound* The Physics of Music* Physics Terminology for Music* The Western Musical Scale* Musical Intervals* Major, Minor, and Non-Western Musical Scales* Musical Instruments* Water Waves Capillary Waves Gravity Waves Phase Velocity and Group Velocity Water Motion in Waves Water Wave Evolution* Long Wavelength Water Waves: Tsunamis, Tides, and Seiches* Seismic Waves* The Earth's Structure* Earthquakes* Seismic Waves* Summary Exercises Part IIRays Shadows and Pinhole Cameras Shadows Projection Analyzing Projections* Umbra and Penumbra Eclipses Solar Eclipses Lunar Eclipses Eclipses and Moon Phases Light Through Small Holes Pinhole Cameras and Camera Obscuras Pinhole Camera Analysis Multiple Pinholes* Shadow-Based Vision* Summary Exercises Reflection Reflection in General Why Waves Reflect Requirements for Mirrors Plane Mirrors Law of Reflection Corner-Cube Retroreflectors Images for Plane Mirrors Size of a Mirror Concave Reflectors Parabolic Reflectors Concave Spherical Mirrors Concave Mirror Ray Diagrams Mirror Equations Spherical Aberration and Coma* Convex Spherical Mirrors Multiple Mirrors* Mirrors, Inversion, and Symmetry* Fermat's Principle of Least Time* Summary Exercises Exercises Refraction Refraction in General Refractive Index Why Waves Refract Refraction From Density Gradients Refraction at Interfaces Snell's Law Apparent Depth Refraction and Reflection at Different Angles Total Internal Reflection Examples* How Much Light Gets Reflected* Evanescent Waves* Lenses Types of Lenses Lens Coordinates Images From Lenses Lens Equations Cameras* Vision Correction* Multiple Lens Systems* Objects and Images* Microscopes* Telescopes* More Optical Systems* Electron Microscopes* Dispersion Prisms Achromatic Lenses* Rainbows* Fermat's Principle of Least Time* Summary Exercises Part IIILight Color Color Vision How Vision Works Light and Dark Adaptation Different People see Different Colors* Color Vision in Animals* Color Models Color Wheel Light Addition with the RGB Color Model Light Subtraction with the CMYK Color Model Leaf Colors in Summer and Fall* HSV Color Model Color Spaces* Summary Exercises Electromagnetic Waves Light Waves as Electric and Magnetic Fields Scalars, Vectors, and Fields Electric Fields Magnetic Fields Changing Electric and Magnetic Fields Electromagnetic Waves How Electromagnetic Waves Work* The Electromagnetic Spectrum Scattering Scattering Off Large Objects Scattering Off Medium Size Objects Scattering Off Small Objects Polarization Electromagnetic Wave Polarization Polarizers Multiple Polarizers Liquid Crystal Displays Sources of Polarized Light Polarization as Superposition* Birefringence and Optical Activity* Summary Exercises Thermal Radiation Thermal Radiation Qualitative Trends Blackbodies Wien's Displacement Law Color Temperature Stefan-Boltzmann Law Remote Temperature Measurement* Thermal Radiation Interactions Radiation Coupling and Emissivity Two-Way Thermal Radiation Earth's Climate* Earth's Energy Budget* Greenhouse Effects on Mars and Venus* Global Warming* Summary Exercises Part IVModern Physics Photons The Quantum Revolution Explaining Blackbody Radiation Particles and Waves What is a Photon? Photon Energy Planck-Einstein Relation Photoelectric Effect Photoelectric Effect Examples* Photochemistry* Compton Scattering Photon Momentum Classical Momentum Photon Momentum Radiometers* Solar Sails* Laser Tweezers* Doppler Cooling* Particle-Wave Duality Quantum Interpretation of the Double-Slit Experiment Photon Size* Spectral Broadening of Pulses Energy-Time Uncertainty Particle-Wave Duality for Other Wave Types* Summary Exercises Matter Waves Matter Waves De Broglie Relations Wave Functions What is Waving? Traveling Matter Waves Free Particles Classical and Quantum Roller Coasters Barriers and Tunneling Tunneling Examples* Diffraction and Interference Electron Diffraction Diffraction for Research* Interference to Test Quantum Mechanics* Standing Matter Waves Electrons in a Cavity Filling in Electrons Molecular Vibrations Structures of Atoms Chemical Bonds* Energy Level Transitions Light Absorption Light Emission Fluorescence Phosphorescence* Lasers Quantum Weirdness Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Schrödinger's Cat Experiment* The EPR Paradox* Quantum Decoherence* Macroscopic Quantum Systems* Summary Exercises Gravitational Waves Gravity Newtonian Gravity Tides Gravitational Fields Gravitational Waves First Direct Detection What are Gravitational Waves? Frequency Polarization Energy Momentum Propagating Gravity Speed of Gravity Gravitational Near and Far Field* Warped Space The Equivalence Principle Gravitational Attraction of Light Curved Space Ripples in Spacetime Gravitational Wave Detection Existing Observatories Future Observatories Summary Exercises Numbers Scientific Notation Scientific Notation on a Calculator More Calculator Advice Precision Determining Precision in Calculations Propagating Uncertainties Exercises Units Units Are Your Friends The Metric System Unit Math Unit Conversion Exercises Algebra Solving Problems Expressions and Equations Manipulating Expressions Manipulating Equations Exponents Exercises Geometry Triangles Similar Triangles Right Triangles and Trigonometry Perimeters, Areas, and Volumes Exercises Additional Resources Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Figure Credits Useful Facts and Figures Index

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Andrews S. Light and Waves. A Conceptual Exploration of Physics 2023.pdf 17.0 MB

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andrews s light waves conceptual exploration physics 2023

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