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kundu p progress recent trends microbial fuel cells 2018

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Textbook in PDF format Progress and Recent Trends in Microbial Fuel Cells provides an in-depth analysis of the fundamentals, working principles, applications and advancements (including commercialization aspects) made in the field of Microbial Fuel Cells research, with critical analyses and opinions from experts around the world. Microbial Fuel cell, as a potential alternative energy harnessing device, has been progressing steadily towards fruitful commercialization. Involvements of electrolyte membranes and catalysts have been two of the most critical factors toward achieving this progress. Added applications of MFCs in areas of bio-hydrogen production and wastewater treatment have made this technology extremely attractive and important. Contributors. About the Editors. Foreword. Preface. Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cells. Background and Significance. Working Principle. Components and Features. Technologies Based on MFCs. Future Expectations From MFCs. Acknowledgments. References. Performance Trends and Status of Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Comparison With Hydrogen Fuel Cells. Comparison With Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells. Comparison With Passive Alcohol Fuel Cells. Comparison With Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Comparison With Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. Comparison With Alkaline Fuel Cells. Comparison With Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells. Comparison With Existing Battery Technologies and Alternative Energy Resources. Further Information. Relevance and Outlook. Acknowledgments. References. Configurations of Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Normal Configuration and General Requirements. Uncoupled Bioreactor MFC. Integrated Bioreactor MFC. MFC With Direct Electron Transfer. MFC With Mediated Electron Transport. General Requirements. Anode. Cathode. Membranes. Easy to Build Fuel Cell Configurations. Dual-Chambered H-Type MFC. Dual-Chambered MFC. Dual-Chambered MFC With Water-Soluble Catholytes. Simple Air-Cathode MFC. Cube-Type MFC. Cylindrical-Air Cathode MFC. Innovative Designs. Flat-Plate MFC. Biosolar MFC. Tubular Packed-Bed MFC for Continuous Operation. Stacked MFC. Membraneless MFC. Biocathode MFC. Origami Star-Inspired Fuel Cell. 3D-Paper Based MFC. Reactor Design and Efficiency. Operation and Assessment. Applications. Future Directions. Conclusion. References. Further Reading. Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Microbial Fuel Cells: Part A. Nafion-Based Membranes. Introduction. Functions of the PEM in MFC. Property Requirements of the Membrane Materials. Fluorinated Membrane Structure Required for Efficient MFC Operation. Present Research on Nafion-Based Membranes. Nafion Blends and Composites. Nafion/Fluorinated Polymers. Others PEMs. Membrane Characterizations. Structural Characterizations. X-Ray Diffraction. Imaging Techniques: Scanning Electron and Transmission Electron Microscopies. Porosity. Ion-Exchange Capacity. Proton Conductivity. Mechanical Characterizations. Performance Evaluations. Existing Challenges of PEM Technology. Ohmic Resistance. Oxygen Diffusion. Substrate Crossover. Biofouling. Future Directions. Acknowledgments. References. Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Microbial Fuel Cells: Part B. Non-Nafion Alternative Membranes. Introduction. Present Research of Non-Nafion-Based Membranes. Conclusion, Existing Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Acknowledgments. References. Bipolar Membranes for Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction: Definition and General Description of the Use of Bipolar Membranes in Microbial Fuel Cells. Preparation and Application of Bipolar Membranes in MFCs. Conclusion, Existing Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Acknowledgments. References. Low-Cost Solutions for Fabrication of Microbial Fuel Cells: Ceramic Separator and Electrode Modifications. Introduction. Fundamentals of MFCs and Their Components. Anode Materials. Anode Modification Using Conductive Polymers. Anode Modification Using Graphene and CNTs. Anode Modification Using Metal Oxides. Anode Modification by Electrochemical Oxidation. Cathode Materials. Current Collectors. Separators. Properties of Clay Used in Ceramic Separators. Mechanism of Cation Exchange Through Clay. Strengthening Clay-Based Separators. Modification of the Clay Mineral Composition to Enhance Cation Exchange. Ceramic Separators as a Low-Cost Solution for Electrochemical Devices. Performance of MFCs With a Ceramic Separator. Importance of ORR Catalysts and Related Mechanisms: Options for Low-Cost Cathode Catalysts. Nonmetal and Metal Impregnated Carbon Catalysts. Transition Metal Oxides. Metal Doped Complex Organic Catalysts. Cost Analysis of Catalysts. Scalable MFCs and Stacking. Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgment. References. Electrodes for Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Electrode Materials and Their Desired Properties. Conductivity. Durability and Stability. Porosity and Surface Area. Biocompatible Nature. Cost and Availability. Electrode Material Types. Carbon-Based Electrode Materials. Metal Electrodes. Composite Electrode Materials. Surface Modification of Electrodes. Modification With Metals or Metal Oxides. Modification With Polymers. Modification With Composite Materials. Electrode Cost. Existing Challenges and Future Perspectives. References. Anode Catalysts and Biocatalysts for Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Functions of the Catalysts. Property Requirements of Catalysts. Present Research. Materials of Electrocatalysts. Carbonaceous Anode Based Materials. Metal Based Materials. Conducting Polymers. Microbes. Bacterial Species Used as an MFC Biocatalyst. Yeast in MFCs. Mixed Community. Catalyst Characterizations. 16S rRNA. DGGE. FISH. RFLP, SSCP, and ARISA. qRT-PCR. GS-FLX. QCM. FAME. Performance Evaluations. Anode Potential. Cyclic Voltammetry. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. Propellants of Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Nutrient Requirements of MFC Microorganisms. General Characteristics of Different Fuels. Simple or Defined Substrates. Glucose. Acetate. Fructose. Sucrose. Complex Defined Substrates. Starch. Cellulose. Others. Complex Undefined Substrates. Activated Sludge and Algal Biomass. Agro Industrial Wastewater. Brewery Industry Wastewater. Dairy Industry Wastewater. Domestic and Municipal Wastewater. Food Processing Industry Wastewater. Livestock Industry Wastewater. Mining Industry Wastewater. Paper Plant Wastewater. Petrochemical Industry Wastewater. Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater. Refinery and Distillery Industry Wastewater. Textile Industry Wastewater. Mechanism of Fuel Oxidation in MFCs. Comparison of the Efficiency of Different Fuels. Future Aspects. References. Exoelectrogens for Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Mechanisms of Electron Transfer. Mediated Electron Transfer. Endogenous Electron Shuttles. Artificial Electron Shuttles. Primary Metabolites. MET Mechanisms for Biofilms at the Cathode. Direct Electron Transfer. G. sulfurreducens: OMC Pathway. S. oneidensis: Mtr-Pathway. DET in Other Organisms. DET at the Cathode. Nanowires. Studies Using Known Exoelectrogenic Strains. Tools for Studying Exoelectrogens. Electrochemical Analysis. Microscopy. Biological Analysis. Raman Spectroscopy. Operational Conditions. Future Directions. Sources of Further Information. Acknowledgments. References. Biofilm Formation Within Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Mechanism of Biofilm Formation. Electroactive Biofilms. Challenges of Electroactive Biofilms. Factors Affecting Electroactive Biofilm Formation. System Configuration. Operating Conditions. Biological Parameters. Conclusion and Future Directions. Sources of Further Information. References. Genetic Approaches for Improving Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells: Part A. Introduction. Electron Transfer in Life. Discovery of Genes Involved in Electron Transfer of MFCs. Metabolic Pathways Employed in MFC Systems. Geobacter spp. General Features. Procedures Assayed and Results. Future Possibilities. Shewanella spp. General Features. Procedures Assayed and Results. Future Possibilities. Other Heterotrophic Microorganisms. General Features. Procedures Assayed and Results. Future Possibilities. Other Metabolic Pathways Used in MFC Systems. Chemolithoautotrophic Metabolism. Photoautotrophic Metabolism. Naturally Assembled Microbial Communities to Improve MFC Performance. Artificially Assembled Anodic Communities to Improve MFC Performance. Future Directions. Sources of Further Information. References. Further Reading. Genetic Approaches for Improving Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells: Part B. Introduction. Substrate Processing and Accessibility. Directed Evolution of Redox Enzymes. Surface-Display Systems. Bacterial Surface-Display. Yeast Surface Display. Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil and Water. Improvement of Electron Transfer. Internal Electron Transfer. External Electron Transfer. Metabolic Engineering. Enzyme and Protein Engineering. Protein Immobilization. Engineered Pilin. Concluding Remarks. References. Kinetics and Mass Transfer Within Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Modeling Approaches for MFCs. Case Study-1D Analytical Model for Continuous Operation. Model Structure and Flux Balance. Model Assumptions. Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions. Mass Transfer. Kinetics—Anode and Cathode. Adaptation for Batch Operation. Modifications for a Single Chamber Configuration. Summary. References. Biochemistry and Electrochemistry at the Electrodes of Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Biochemistry and Electrochemistry at the Electrodes. Underlying Catabolic Pathways for Energy Generation From Microorganisms. Distinguished Electron Transport Mechanism. Direct Electron Transport. Electron Transport Through Mediators. Electron Transport Through Conductive Nanowires. Proton Transport Mechanism in MFCs. Cation Exchange Membrane. Anion Exchange Membrane. Bipolar membrane. Underlying Factors That Affect MFC Performance. Ohmic Losses. Activation Losses. Bacterial Metabolic Losses. Concentration Losses. Anode-Microbe Interactions. Summary. Acknowledgment. References. Wastewater Biorefinery Based on the Microbial Electrolysis Cell: Opportunities and Challenges. Introduction. Global Energy and Water Security. Wastewater Biorefinery. Microbial Electrolysis Cell. H2 as a Fuel. Aim of the Chapter. Bioelectrochemical System. History of BES. Types of BES. Microbial Fuel Cell. Microbial Electrolysis Cell. MEC Systems and Materials Used for H2 Production. Cathode and Anode. MEC Membranes. The MEC System for Tubing and Gas Collection. MEC Configurations and Factors Affecting H2 Production. Double-Chambered MEC Systems. High-Performance Double-Chambered MEC Reactor. Bio-Electrochemically Assisted Microbial Reactor (BEAMR). Concentric Tubular Double-Chambered MEC Reactor. Enriched MEC Bio-Cathodes Using Sediment MFC Bio-Anodes. Single-Chambered MEC Systems. A Single-Chambered MEC System With a Flat Carbon Cathode and Brush Anode. A Cathode on Top a Single-Chambered MEC System. Up-Flow Single-Chambered MEC System. Bottle-Type Single-Chambered MEC System. Factors Affecting Production of H2 in MEC Systems. pH. Temperature. Catalyst. Conductivity of Solution. Thermodynamics of H2 Production and MEC Performance. H2 Production and Measurement in MEC Systems. H2 Yield of MEC. Energy Yield of MEC Systems. Challenges and Opportunities in MEC Technology. Energy Losses in MEC Systems. Activation Losses in the MEC System. Coulombic Losses in MEC Systems. Concentration Losses in MEC Systems. Methanogenesis in MEC Systems. Economics of MEC Systems. Future Outlooks of MEC Systems. Technological Approach. Methanogenesis Inhibition. Pure Culture Versus Mixed Consortia Studies. Electrode Selection. Conclusions. References. Microbial Fuel Cells as a Platform Technology for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment. Introduction. Wastewater Treatment and Energy Needs. General Overview of Wastewater Treatment. Energy Consumption in Wastewater Treatment. Opportunities for Energy Recovery and Savings in Wastewater Treatment. Hydraulic Energy Recovery. Heat Recovery. Combined Heat and Power Systems. Biogas Generation (Anaerobic Digestion). Microalgae Growth for Biofuels. Anammox Process (Novel Configurations). MFCs—Efficiency Evaluations. Carbon Removal. Nutrient Removal. Energy Efficiency. Estimated Energy Benefits. Comparison With Aeration Systems. Normalized Energy Recovery Concept. Energy Consumption in MFCs. Energy Payback Time. Existing Challenges. Microbial Kinetics. Electron Acceptors. Electrode Materials. Understanding of Power Density (Process Reliability and Stability). Other Factors. Future Directions. Process Development. Resource Recovery Options. Large Scale Development. Integrated Processes. Integrating With Membrane Processes. Integrating With an Aeration Tank in a Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant. Integration With Other Bioelectrochemical Systems. Biorefinery Configurations. Summary. References. Microbial Desalination Cell Technology: Functions and Future Prospects. Introduction. Water-Energy Crisis in Desalination. Microbial Desalination Cell—Harvester of Chemical Energy. Essential Concepts of a Microbial Desalination Cell. Operative Principle. Performance Factors: Analyses and Calculations. Microbial Desalination Cells Configurations. Air-Cathode Microbial Desalination Cell. Biocathode Microbial Desalination Cell. Stacked Microbial Desalination Cell. Recirculation Microbial Desalination Cell. Microbial Electrolysis Desalination Cell. Capacitive Microbial Desalination Cell. Upflow Microbial Desalination Cell. Osmotic Microbial Desalination Cell. Bipolar Membrane Microbial Desalination Cell. Decoupled Microbial Desalination Cell. Ion-Exchange Resin Coupled Microbial Desalination Cell. Five-Chambered Biocathode Microbial Desalination Cell. Modularized Filtration Air Cathode Microbial Desalination Cell. Materials Used in Microbial Desalination Cells. Exoelectrogens. Substrates. Performance and Efficiency of Microbial Desalination Cell. Polarization and Power Density. COD Removal Efficiency. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Cell Potential (emf), Concentration Gradient, and Water Transport. pH and Electrolyte Conductivity. External and Internal Resistance. Hydraulic Retention Time. Functional Applications and Scaleup. Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination. Water Softening and Metal Ions Removal. Groundwater Remediation. Challenges to MDC Technologies. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. Further Reading. Coupled Systems Based on Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. MFC-Coupled Wastewater Treatment and the Potential of MFC-MBRs. MFC-Complemented Anaerobic Digestion. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. Commercialization Aspects of Microbial Fuel Cells. Introduction. Potentials of MFCs for Commercialization. Prospective Sector(s) for MFC Applications. Wastewater Treatment. Powering Low Energy Devices. Robotics. Global Status of MFCs Commercialization/Market Leaders in MFCs. Current Research Toward Commercialization. Challenges Toward Fruitful Commercialization (Lab to Market Bottleneck). Future Predictions and Directions. References. Index

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kundu p progress recent trends microbial fuel cells 2018