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shanahan m solving frame problem law inertia 1997

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Textbook in PDF format In 1969, John McCarthy and Pat Hayes uncovered a problem that has haunted the field of artificial intelligence ever since - the frame problem. The problem arises when logic is used to describe the effects of actions and events. Put simply, it is the problem of representing what remains unchanged as a result of an action or event. Many researchers in artificial intelligence believe that its solution is vital to the realization of the field's goals. Solving the Frame Problem presents the various approaches to the frame problem that have been proposed over the years. The author presents the material chronologically - as an unfolding story rather than as a body of theory to be learned by rote. There are lessons to be learned even from the dead ends researchers have pursued, for they deepen our understanding of the issues surrounding the frame problem. In the book's concluding chapters, the author offers his own work on event calculus, which he claims comes very close to a complete solution to the frame problem. Series Foreword Preface Introduction What Is the Frame Problem? Describing the Non-Effects of Actions Introducing the Situation Calculus Frame Axioms Towards a Solution Making Frame Axioms More Compact Criteria for a Solution to the Frame Problem Elaboration Tolerance Non-Monotonic Solutions The Common Sense Law of Inertia Monotonic Versus Non-Monotonic Solutions Explanations, Qualifications and Narratives Philosophical Reflections Logical Foundations The Language of Predicate Calculus The Semantics of Predicate Calculus Many-Sorted Predicate Calculus Second-Order Predicate Calculus The Ontology and Language of Situation Calculus Situation Calculus Formulae Situations and the Result Function The Limitations of the Situation Calculus Default Reasoning Circumscription More Complicated Circumscription Policies Towards a Non-Monotonic Solution Formalising the Common Sense Law of Inertia An Example that Works The Hanks-McDermott Problem Variations on Hanks and McDermott’s Theme Differences in Situation Calculus Style The Importance of the Hanks-McDermott Problem Chronological Minimisation The Yale Shooting Scenario in Default Logic Generating Extensions in Default Logic The Directionality of Time Formalising Chronological Minimisation The Yale Shooting Scenario The Stolen Car Scenario Improving Chronological Minimisation Causal Minimisation Eliminating Spontaneous Change The Yale Shooting Scenario The Principles of Separation and Directionality Actions with Context-Dependent Effects Causal Minimisation and Explanation Ramifications and Causal Minimisation Introducing State-Based Minimisation Varying the Result Function Adding an Existence-of-Situations Axiom The Need for Domain Closure Axioms A Universal Existence-of-Situations Axiom Generalising State-Based Minimisation Logical Prerequisites First-Order Formalisations Applying State-Based Minimisation State-Based Minimisation and Explanation A Second-Order Existence-of-Situations Axiom General Theorems about State-Based Minimisation Tailor-Made Techniques Explanation Closure Axioms Ramifications and Explanation Closure Automatically Derived Frame Axioms Successor State Axioms Ramifications and Successor State Axioms The Language Narratives in the Situation Calculus The Need for Narratives Arboreality and Existence-of-Situations Associating a Time with Each Actual Situation Two Theorems of Circumscription Two Separation Theorems for Narratives Associating a Situation with Each Time Point Comparing the Approaches Incomplete Narratives and Concurrent Actions Over-Zealous Event Occurrence Minimisation Context-Sensitive Event Occurrence Minimisation A Worked Example of Narratives as Contexts Concurrent Actions in the Situation Calculus Narratives with Concurrent Actions The Foundations of Logic Programming The Basis of Logic Programming SLD-Resolution A Logic Programming System Logic Programming and the Situation Calculus Negation as Failure The Semantics of Negation-as-Failure Logic Programs for Reasoning about Action Negation-as-Failure and the Situation Calculus Situation Calculus Semantic Issues Knowledge Representation Issues Introducing the Event Calculus Applying the Original Event Calculus Simplifying and Extending the Event Calculus A Simplified Event Calculus Event Calculus Semantic Issues Representing Continuous Change in the Event Calculus Triggered Events and Continuous Change A Circumscriptive Calculus of Events The Simplified Event Calculus with Circumscription States A Calculus of Events The Blocks World A Separation Theorem for the Calculus The Yale Shooting Scenario Applying the Calculus of Events Ramifications Non-Deterministic Effects Releasing Fluents Concurrent Events Continuous Change Forced Separation Eliminating Existence-of-Situations Axioms The Intuition Behind Forced Separation An Event Calculus Using Forced Separation Continuous Change and Triggered Events Explanation: The Assimilation of Observations Explanation in the Situation Calculus Towards a Narrative-Based Approach Narratives and Explanation A Hard Example for State-Based Minimisation A Hard Example for the Deductive Approach The Abductive Approach Abduction and Knowledge Assimilation Non-Determinism and the Abductive Approach Abduction and the Circumscriptive Event Calculus Epilogue: Is the Frame Problem Solved? Bibliography Proof of Theorems Temporal Projection Algorithms Appendixes Index

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shanahan m solving frame problem law inertia 1997