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boyce m gas turbine engineering handbook 4ed 2012 rep

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Textbook in PDF format Key Features The most comprehensive one-stop source of information on industrial gas turbines, with vital background, maintenance information, legislative details and calculations combined in an essential all-in-one reference Written by an industry-leading consultant and trainer and suitable for use as a training companion or a reliable dip-in guide Includes hard-won information from industry experts in the form of case histories that offer practical trouble-shooting guidance and solutions Description Written by one of the field’s most well known experts, the Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook has long been the standard for engineers involved in the design, selection, maintenance and operation of gas turbines. With far reaching, comprehensive coverage across a range of topics from design specifications to maintenance troubleshooting, this one-stop resource provides newcomers to the industry with all the essentials to learn and fill knowledge gaps, and established practicing gas turbine engineers with a reliable go-to reference. This new edition brings the Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook right up to date with new legislation and emerging topics to help the next generation of gas turbine professionals understand the underlying principles of gas turbine operation, the economic considerations and implications of operating these machines, and how they fit in with alternative methods of power generation. Readership Mechanical, maintenance and field engineers working with gas turbines in the power, oil & gas and petrochemical industries; Design engineers; R&D engineers; Plant personnel and technicians; Students. Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Foreword to the First Edition About the Author Design: Theory and Practice An Overview of Gas Turbines Gas Turbine Cycle in the Combined Cycle or Cogeneration Mode Gas Turbine Performance Gas Turbine Design Considerations Categories of Gas Turbines Frame Type Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines Aircraft-Derivative Gas Turbines Industrial-Type Gas Turbines Small Gas Turbines Vehicular Gas Turbines Microturbines Major Gas Turbine Components Compressors Regenerators/Recuperators Fuel Type Combustors Environmental Effects Turbine Expander Section Radial-Inﬂow Turbine Mixed-Flow Turbine Axial-Flow Turbines Materials Coatings Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Supplementary Firing of Heat Recovery Systems Instrumentation and Controls Theoretical and Actual Cycle Analyses The Brayton Cycle Regeneration Effect Increasing the Work Output of the Simple-Cycle Gas Turbine Intercooling and Reheating Effects Actual Cycle Analysis The Simple Cycle The Split-Shaft Simple Cycle The Regenerative Cycle The Inter-cooled Simple Cycle The Reheat Cycle The Inter-cooled Regenerative Reheat Cycle The Steam Injection Cycle The Evaporative Regenerative Cycle The Brayton–Rankine Cycle Summation of Cycle Analysis A General Overview of Combined-Cycle Plants Compressed Air Energy Storage Cycle Power Augmentation Inlet Cooling Injection of Compressed Air, Steam, or Water Inlet Cooling Techniques Evaporative Cooling of the Turbine Refrigerated Inlets for the Gas Turbines Combination of Evaporative and Refrigerated Inlet Systems Thermal Energy Storage Systems Injection of Compressed Air, Steam, or Water for Increasing Power Mid-Compressor Flashing of Water Injection of Humidiﬁed and Heated Compressed Air Combination of Evaporative Cooling and Steam Injection Summation of the Power Augmentation Systems Bibliography Compressor and Turbine Performance Characteristics Aerothermodynamics of Turbomachinery Ideal Gas Dry- and Wet-bulb Temperatures Optical and Radiation Pyrometers Ideal Gas Laws Compressibility Effect Aerothermal Equations Continuity Equation Momentum Equation Energy Equation Efﬁciencies Adiabatic Thermal Efﬁciency Polytropic Efﬁciency Dimensional Analysis Compressor Performance Characteristics Turbine Performance Characteristics Gas Turbine Performance Computation Bibliography Performance and Mechanical Standards Major Variables for a Gas Turbine Application Type of Application Plant Location and Site Conﬁguration Plant Type Gas Turbine Size and Efﬁciency Type of Fuel Enclosures Plant Operation Mode: Base or Peaking Start-Up Techniques Performance Standards ASME PTC 19.1: Test Uncertainty ASME PTC 19.3: Part 3: Temperature Measurement Instruments and Apparatus ASME PTC 19.5: Flow Measurement, Published 2004 PTC 19.10: Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses, Part 10 ASME PTC 19.11: Steam and Water Sampling, Conditioning, and Analysis in the Power Cycle ASME PTC 19.23: Guidance Manual for Model Testing, Published 1980 ASME PTC 46: Performance Test Code on Overall Plant Performance, Published January 1, 1996 Object and Scope Performance Test Code on Gas Turbines ASME PTC 22, Published 2006 ASME Measurement of Exhaust Emissions from Stationary Gas Turbine Engines B133.9, Published 1994 ASME PTC 36 Measurement of Industrial Sound (ASME B133.8), Published 2004 Mechanical Parameters ASME B 133.2 Basic Gas Turbines, Published 1977 (Reafﬁrmed: 1997) ASME B133.3 Procurement Standard for Gas Turbine Auxiliary Equipment, Published 1981 (Reafﬁrmed 1994) ASME B133.4 Gas Turbine Control and Protection Systems, Published 1978 (Reafﬁrmed: 1997) ASME B133.5 Procurement Standard for Gas Turbine Electrical Equipment, Published 1978 (Reafﬁrmed: 1994) ASME B 133.7M Gas Turbine Fuels, Published 1985 (Reafﬁrmed: 1992) ASME B133.8 Gas Turbine Installation Sound Emissions, Published 1977 (Reafﬁrmed: 1989) ASME B133.9 Measurement of Exhaust Emissions from Stationary Gas Turbine Engines, Published: 1994 API Std 616 Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, Fourth Edition, August 1998 API Std 613 Special Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, Fourth Edition, June 1995 API Std 614 Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing, and Control-Oil Systems and Auxiliaries for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, Fourth Edition, April 1999 API Std 618, Reciprocating Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, Fourth Edition, June 1995 API Std 619, Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, Third Edition, June 1997 ANSI/API Std 670 Vibration, Axial-Position, and Bearing-Temperature Monitoring Systems, Third Edition, November 1993 API Std 671, Special Purpose Couplings for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, Third Edition, October 1998 API Std 677, General-Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services, Second Edition, July 1997 (Reafﬁrmed: March 2000) Application of the Mechanical Standards to the Gas Turbine Gears Lubrication Systems Vibration Measurements Speciﬁcations Rotor Dynamics Mathematical Analysis Undamped Free System Damped System Forced Vibrations Design Considerations Application to Rotating Machines Rigid Supports Flexible Supports Critical Speed Calculations for Rotor Bearing Systems Electromechanical Systems and Analogies Forces Acting on a Rotor-Bearing System Rotor-Bearing System Instabilities Self-Excited Instabilities Campbell Diagram Bibliography Major Components Centrifugal Compressors Centrifugal Compressor Components Inlet Guide Vanes Impeller Inducer Centrifugal Section of an Impeller Causes of Slip in an Impeller Stodola Slip Factor Stanitz Slip Factor Diffusers Scroll or Volute Centrifugal Compressor Performance Rotor Losses Stator Losses Compressor Surge Effects of Gas Composition External Causes and Effects of Surge Surge Detection and Control Process Centrifugal Compressors Compressor Conﬁguration Impeller Fabrication Bibliography Axial-Flow Compressors Introduction Blade and Cascade Nomenclature Elementary Airfoil Theory Laminar-Flow Airfoils Energy Increase Velocity Triangles Degree of Reaction Radial Equilibrium Diffusion Factor The Incidence Rule The Deviation Rule Compressor Operation Characteristics Compressor Surge Compressor Choke Compressor Stall Individual Blade Stall Rotating Stall Stall Flutter Compressor Performance Parameters Performance Losses in an Axial-Flow Compressor New Developments in Axial-Flow Compressors Axial-Flow Compressor Research Cascade Tests Blade Proﬁle Compressor Blade Material Acknowledgments Bibliography Radial-Inﬂow Turbines Hydraulic Radial-Inﬂow Turbines Radial-Inﬂow Turbines for Gas Applications Turbine Conﬁgurations Thermodynamic and Aerodynamic Theory Turbine Design Considerations Performance of a Radial-Inﬂow Turbine Losses in a Radial-Inﬂow Turbine Radial-Inﬂow Turbine Applications Bibliography Axial-Flow Turbines Turbine Geometry Thermodynamic and Aerodynamic Theory Utilization Factor Degree of Reaction Work Factor Velocity Diagrams Zero-Exit Swirl Diagram Impulse Diagram Symmetrical Diagram Impulse Turbine Turbine Blade Cooling Concepts Convection Cooling Impingement Cooling Film Cooling Transpiration Cooling Water/Steam Cooling Materials, Fuel Technology, and Fuel Systems Materials General Metallurgical Behaviors in Gas Turbines Creep and Rupture Ductility and Fracture Cyclic Fatigue Thermal Fatigue Corrosion Gas Turbine Materials Turbine Wheel Alloys Compressor Blades Forgings and Non-destructive Testing Ceramics Coatings Shroud Coatings Future Coatings Bibliography Fuels Fuel Speciﬁcations Fuel Properties Liquid Fuels Liquid Fuel Handling and Treatment Heavy Fuels Fuel Gas Handling and Treatment Equipment for Removal of Particulates and Liquids fromFuel Gas Systems Fuel Heating Cleaning of Turbine Components Hot Section Wash Compressor Washing Fuel Economics Operating Experience Heat Tracing of Piping Systems Types of Heat-Tracing Systems Stream Tracing Systems Electric Tracing Storage of Liquids Atmospheric Tanks Elevated Tanks Open Tanks Fixed Roof Tanks Floating Roof Tanks Pressure Tanks Bibliography Auxiliary Components and Accessories Bearings and Seals Bearings Rolling Bearings Journal Bearings Bearing Design Principles Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings Bearing Materials Bearing and Shaft Instabilities Thrust Bearings Factors Affecting Thrust-Bearing Design Thrust-Bearing Power Loss Seals Non-contacting Seals Labyrinth Seals Ring (Bushing) Seals Mechanical (Face) Seals Mechanical Seal Selection and Application Product Additional Product Considerations Seal Environment Seal Arrangement Considerations Equipment Secondary Packing Seal-Face Combinations Seal Gland Plate Main Seal Body Seal Systems Associated Oil System Dry Gas Seals Tandem Dry Gas Seals Tandem Dry Gas Seal with Labyrinth Double Gas Seals Operating Range of Dry Gas Seals Dry Gas Seal Materials Dry Gas Seal Systems Dry Gas Seal Degradation Bibliography Gears Gear Types Factors Affecting Gear Design Pressure Angle Helix Angle Tooth Hardness Scufﬁng Gear Accuracy Types of Bearings Service Factor Gear Housings Lubrication Manufacturing Processes Hobbing Hobbing and Shaving Hobbing and Lapping Grinding Gear Rating Gear Noise Installation and Initial Operation Gear Failures Acknowledgement Bibliography Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Lubrication Basic Oil System Lubrication Oil System Seal Oil System Lubrication Management Program Lubricant Selection Oil Contamination Filter Selection Cleaning and Flushing Oil Sampling and Testing Oil Analysis Tests Test Proﬁles Gearboxes Clean Oil Systems Coupling Lubrication Bibliography Spectrum Analysis Vibration Measurement Displacement Transducers Velocity Transducers Acceleration Transducers Dynamic Pressure Transducers Taping Data Interpretation of Vibration Spectra Subsynchronous Vibration Analysis Using RTA Synchronous and Harmonic Spectra Bibliography Balancing Rotor Imbalance Balancing Procedures Orbital Balancing Modal Balancing Multiplane Balancing (Inﬂuence Coefﬁcient Method) Application of Balancing Techniques User’s Guide for Multiplane Balancing Bibliography Couplings and Alignment Gear Couplings Oil-Filled Couplings Grease-Packed Couplings Continuously Lubricated Couplings Gear Coupling Failure Modes Metal Diaphragm Couplings Metal Disc Couplings Turbomachinery Uprates Curvic Couplings Shaft Alignment The Shaft Alignment Procedure Bibliography Control Systems and Instrumentation Control Systems Start-up Sequence Condition Monitoring Systems Requirements for an Effective Diagnostic System Monitoring Software Implementation of a Condition Monitoring System Plant Power Optimization Online Optimization Process Life Cycle Costs Diagnostic System Components and Functions Data Inputs Instrumentation Requirements Typical Instrumentation (Minimum Requirements for Each Machine) Desirable Instrumentation (Optional) Criteria for the Collection of Aerothermal Data Pressure Drop in Filter System Temperature and Pressure Measurement for Compressors and Turbines Temperature Measurement Thermocouples Resistive Thermal Detectors Pyrometers Pressure Measurement Vibration Measurement Vibration Instrumentation Selection Selection of Systems for Analyses of Vibration Data Auxiliary System Monitoring Fuel System Torque Measurement Baseline for Machinery Data Trending The Gas Turbine Identiﬁcation of Losses Compressor Aerothermal Characteristics and Compressor Surge Failure Diagnostics Compressor Analysis Combustor Analysis Turbine Analysis Turbine Efﬁciency Mechanical Problem Diagnostics Data Retrieval Summary Bibliography Gas Turbine Performance Test Introduction Performance Codes Flow Straighteners Pressure Measurement Temperature Measurement Flow Measurement Gas Turbine Test Gas Turbine Air Inlet Filter Module Compressor Module Combustor Module Expander Module Life Cycle Consideration of Various Critical Hot Section Components Performance Curves Performance Computations General Governing Equations Gas Turbine Performance Calculation Gas Turbine Performance Calculations Correction Factors for Gas Turbines Vibration Measurement Rotor Dynamics Vibration Measurements Emission Measurements Emissions Plant Losses Bibliography Maintenance Techniques Philosophy of Maintenance Maximization of Equipment Efﬁciency and Effectiveness Organization Structures for a Performance-Based Total Productive Maintenance Program Implementation of a Performance-Based Total Productive Maintenance Maintenance Department Requirements Training of Personnel I. Type of Personnel II. Types of Training Tools and Shop Equipment Spare Parts Inventory Condition and Life Assessment Availability and Reliability Redesign for Higher Machinery Reliability Gas Turbine Start-up Redesign for Higher Machinery Reliability Advanced Gas Turbines Axial-Flow Compressor Dry Low NOx Combustors Axial-Flow Turbine Maintenance Scheduling Maintenance Communications Inspection Long-Term Service Agreements Borescope Inspection Maintenance of Gas Turbine Components Compressors Compressor Cleaning Compressor Water Wash Different Wash Systems On-Line Wash Cleaning System Off-Line Crank Wash Cleaning System On-Line and Off-Line Water Wash Fluids Off-Line Crank Wash Procedure Combustors Turbines Rejuvenation of Used Turbine Blades Rotor Dynamic System Characteristics Bearing Maintenance Clearance Checks Thrust-Bearing Failure Coupling Maintenance Repair and Rehabilitation of Turbomachinery Foundations Installation Defects Increasing Mass and Rigidity Bibliography Case Histories Axial-Flow Compressors Combustion Systems Transition Piece Axial-Flow Turbines Appendix: Equivalent Units Index

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boyce m gas turbine engineering handbook 4ed 2012 rep

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