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ridley m how innovation works 2020 pdf

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Textbook in PDF format Innovation is the main event of the modern age, the reason we experience both dramatic improvements in our living standards and unsettling changes in our society. Forget short-term symptoms like Donald Trump and Brexit, it is innovation itself that explains them and that will itself shape the 21st century for good and ill. Yet innovation remains a mysterious process, poorly understood by policy makers and businessmen, hard to summon into existence to order, yet inevitable and inexorable when it does happen. Matt Ridley argues in this book that we need to change the way we think about innovation, to see it as an incremental, bottom-up, fortuitous process that happens to society as a direct result of the human habit of exchange, rather than an orderly, top-down process developing according to a plan. Innovation is crucially different from invention, because it is the turning of inventions into things of practical and affordable use to people. It speeds up in some sectors and slows down in others. It is always a collective, collaborative phenomenon, not a matter of lonely genius. It is gradual, serendipitous, recombinant, inexorable, contagious, experimental and unpredictable. It happens mainly in just a few parts of the world at any one time. It still cannot be modelled properly by economists, but it can easily be discouraged by politicians. Far from there being too much innovation, we may be on the brink of an innovation famine. Ridley derives these and other lessons, not with abstract argument, but from telling the lively stories of scores of innovations, how they started and why they succeeded or in some cases failed. He goes back millions of years and leaps forward into the near future. Some of the innovation stories he tells are about steam engines, jet engines, search engines, airships, coffee, potatoes, vaping, vaccines, cuisine, antibiotics, mosquito nets, turbines, propellers, fertiliser, zero, computers, dogs, farming, fire, genetic engineering, gene editing, container shipping, railways, cars, safety rules, wheeled suitcases, mobile phones, corrugated iron, powered flight, chlorinated water, toilets, vacuum cleaners, shale gas, the telegraph, radio, social media, block chain, the sharing economy, artificial intelligence, fake bomb detectors, phantom games consoles, fraudulent blood tests, faddish diets, hyperloop tubes, herbicides, copyright and even – a biological innovation -- life itself. Introduction: The Infinite Improbability Drive Energy Of heat, work and light What Watt wrought Thomas Edison and the invention business The ubiquitous turbine Nuclear power and the phenomenon of disinnovation Shale gas surprise The reign of fire Public health Lady Mary’s dangerous obsession Pasteur’s chickens The chlorine gamble that paid off How Pearl and Grace never put a foot wrong Fleming’s luck The pursuit of polio Mud huts and malaria Tobacco and harm reduction Transport The locomotive and its line Turning the screw Internal combustion’s comeback The tragedy and triumph of diesel The Wright stuff International rivalry and the jet engine Innovation in safety and cost Food The tasty tuber How fertilizer fed the world Dwarfing genes from Japan Insect nemesis Gene editing gets crisper Land sparing versus land sharing Low-technology innovation When numbers were new The water trap Crinkly tin conquers the Empire The container that changed trade Was wheeled baggage late? Novelty at the table The rise of the sharing economy Communication and computing The first death of distance The miracle of wireless Who invented the computer? The ever-shrinking transistor The surprise of search engines and social media Machines that learn Prehistoric innovation The first farmers The invention of the dog The (Stone Age) great leap forward The feast made possible by fire The ultimate innovation: life itself Innovation’s essentials Innovation is gradual Innovation is different from invention Innovation is often serendipitous Innovation is recombinant Innovation involves trial and error Innovation is a team sport Innovation is inexorable Innovation’s hype cycle Innovation prefers fragmented governance Innovation increasingly means using fewer resources rather than more The economics of innovation The puzzle of increasing returns Innovation is a bottom-up phenomenon Innovation is the mother of science as often as it is the daughter Innovation cannot be forced upon unwilling consumers Innovation increases interdependence Innovation does not create unemployment Big companies are bad at innovation Setting innovation free Fakes, frauds, fads and failures Fake bomb detectors Phantom games consoles The Theranos debacle Failure through diminishing returns to innovation: mobile phones A future failure: Hyperloop Failure as a necessary ingredient of success: Amazon and Google Resistance to innovation When novelty is subversive: the case of coffee When innovation is demonized and delayed: the case of biotechnology When scares ignore science: the case of weedkiller When government prevents innovation: the case of mobile telephony When the law stifles innovation: the case of intellectual property When big firms stifle innovation: the case of bagless vacuum cleaners When investors divert innovation: the case of permissionless bits An innovation famine How innovation works A bright future Not all innovation is speeding up The innovation famine China’s innovation engine Regaining momentum Acknowledgements Sources and further reading Index About the Author Also by Matt Ridley Copyright About the Publisher

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ridley m how innovation works 2020 pdf