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dehli m fundamentals technical thermodynamics 2022

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Textbook in PDF format This textbook presents the essential scientific principles of thermodynamics in a detailed and well-structured manner for practice-oriented teaching. It conveys analytically reliable knowledge with a view to engineering application and provides the key to a quick understanding of e.g. thermal machines, heat transfer, humid air and combustion. The present English edition - in comparison to earlier German editions - has been extended to include aspects of fluid mechanics, dynamics of ideal gases and chemical thermodynamics. Foreword Important Formula Characters Authors Vita Basic Thermodynamic Terms Applications of Thermodynamics System State, State Variables, Changes of State Process, Process Variables The First Law of Thermodynamics The Principle of Conservation of Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Work Volume Change Work Coupling Work Shift Work Pressure Change Work Friction Work Thermal Energy Internal Energy Heat Enthalpy Energy Balances Energy Balance for the Closed System Energy Balance for the Open System Heat Capacity Specific Heat Capacity The Specific Heat Capacity of Gases Fluid Mechanics General Aspects Flow Shapes Friction and Roughness Individual Resistances Equivalent Pipe Length The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Statement of the Second Law Reversible and Irreversible Processes Quasi-Static Changes of State Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Entropy Reversible Substitute Processes of Adiabatic Processes The Calculation of the Entropy Change Entropy as a State Variable, Total Differential The Entropy Change of Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Throttling Non-Adiabatic Process and Reversible Substitute Process Isentropic Change of State; Interpretations of Entropy Entropy Diagrams Circular Integral, Thermodynamic Temperature Dissipative Energy Ideal Gases Thermal Equation of State Law of Boyle and Mariotte Law of Gay-Lussac Physical Norm State Gas Thermometer Specific Gas Constant Universal Gas Constant Caloric State Variables of Ideal Gases Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy Changes of State Isochoric Change of State Isobaric Change of State Isothermal Change of State Isentropic Change of State Polytropic Change of State Changes of State with Variable Mass Specific Thermal Energy and Specific Work in the T,s Diagram Mixtures of Ideal Gases The Mixing Process in the Closed System The Mixing Process Without Total Volume Change The Mixing Process Without Temperature Change, Pressure Change and Total Volume Change The Mixing Process in the Open System Dynamics of Ideal Gases: Compressible Stationary Gas Flow Velocity of Sound and Propagation of Sound Energy Equation and Bernoulli Equation of Compressible One-Dimensional Ideal Gas Flow Stagnation State Variables and Critical State The Velocity Diagram of the Specific Energy Equation Flow Function Isentropic Gas Flow in Nozzles and Orifices Accelerated Compressible Flow Compression Shock Real Gases and Vapors Properties of Vapors Phase Transitions Two-Phase Regions Boiling and Condensing Evaporation and Thawing Liquid Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor State Superheated Vapor State Diagrams The p,v,T Surface The T,s Diagram The h,s Diagram Thermal Equations of State The van der Waals Equation The Boundary Curve and the Maxwell Relation The Reduced van der Waals Equation Different Approaches Virial Coefficients Calculation of State Variables; Property Tables The Caloric State Variables The Specific Heat Capacities cp and cv The Isentropic Exponent and the Isothermal Exponent The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Free Energy and Free Enthalpy General A g,s Diagram for Water and Steam The Joule-Thomson Effect Thermal Machines Classification and Types of Machines Classification According to the Direction of Energy Conversion Classification According to the Construction of the Machines Classification According to the Type of Process Taking Place Ideal Machines Compression and Expansion in Ideal Machines Multi-Stage Compression and Expansion The Energy Balance for Flow Machines The Energy Balance for Displacement Machines Energy Balances for Real Machines Internal or Indexed Work Total Work Total Enthalpy Real Machines The Uncooled Compressor The Cooled Compressor Piston Compressor Turbo Compressor Gas and Steam Turbines Efficiencies Comparison Processes The Internal Efficiency The Mechanical Efficiency The Total Efficiency The Isentropic Efficiency The Isothermal Efficiency The Polytropic Efficiency Cyclic Processes Cyclic Process Work, Heat Input and Heat Output Right-Hand and Left-Hand Cyclic Processes The Theory of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Conversion of Thermal to Mechanical Energy Thermal Efficiency Right-Hand Carnot Process Effect of Irreversible Processes Carnot Factor Technically Used Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Seiliger Process, Otto Process, Diesel Process, Generalised Diesel Process Joule Process Ericsson Process Stirling Process Single-Polytropic Carnot Process Gas Expansion Process Clausius-Rankine Process Comparative Evaluation of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Process Variables and Cyclic Processes Mechanical Effort Ratios and Thermal Effort Ratios Evaluation Criteria For Important Thermodynamic Cyclic Processes General Thermodynamic Relations Examples Graphical Representation of the Thermodynamic Relations Cyclic Process Calculations for Real Fluids Left-Hand Cyclic Processes Performance Number Left-Hand Carnot Process Left-Hand Joule Process Gas Expansion Process as a Left-Hand Cycle Process Cold Vapor Compression Process Exergy Energy and Exergy Exergy of Heat Exergy of Bound Energy Exergy of Temperature Change Heat Exergy of Volume Change Work Exergy of Shift Work Exergy of Pressure Change Work Exergy of Internal Energy Exergy of Enthalpy Exergy of Free Energy Exergy of Free Enthalpy Difference between EU and EF Difference between EH and EG Free Energy and Free Enthalpy as Thermodynamic Potentials Exergy and Anergy Anergy in a p, V Diagram and in a T,S Diagram Anergy-Free Energies Exergy Loss Irreversibility and Exergy Loss Exergy Loss and Anergy Gain Exergetic Efficiencies Heat Transfer Heat Radiation Stefan-Boltzmann Law Kirchhoff ’s Law Planck’s Radiation Law Wien’s Displacement Law Lambert’s Cosine Law Irradiance Number Radiation Exchange Cavity Method Envelopment of One Surface by Another Two Parallel Surfaces of Equal Size Matrix Representation Stationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Wall Pipe Wall Instationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Single-Layer Wall Semi-Infinite Body Heat Transfer by Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Similarity Theory Reynolds Analogy Prandtl Analogy Power Number Approaches for Laminar and Turbulent Flow Approaches for Phase Transitions Over-All Heat Transfer Over-All Heat Transfer Coefficient Fin Efficiency and Area Efficiency Mean Temperature Difference Operating Characteristic (Effectiveness) Finned Heat Transfer Surfaces Straight Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Circular Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Partition Wall Heat Exchangers Unidirectional Flow Heat Exchanger Counterflow Heat Exchanger Crossflow Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer with Phase Transition in a Heat Exchanger Evaluation and Design Correction Factor for a Crossflow Heat Exchanger Representation of the Operating Characteristic Longitudinal Heat Conduction in a Plane Partition Wall Design Diagram Humid Air State Variables of Humid Air Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio and Saturation Specific Enthalpy Changes of State of Humid Air Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities The h,x Diagram of Mollier Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities Evaporation Model Evaporation Coefficient Energy Balances Lewis Relationship Cooling Limit Evaporation and Dew Precipitation Water Vapor Diffusion Through Walls Combustion Fuels Gaseous Fuels Solid and Liquid Fuels Composition of the Combustion Gas, Combustion Triangles, Combustion Control Technical Aspects of Combustion Initiation and Progression of Combustion Complete and Incomplete Combustion Dew Point of Combustion Gases Chimney Draught Upper Calorific Value and Lower Calorific Value Theoretical Combustion Temperature Chemical Thermodynamics Systems Involving Chemical Reactions Reaction Turnover and Reaction Rate Molar Enthalpies of Reaction and Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Molar Enthalpies of Reaction Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Absolute Molar Entropies; Third Law of Thermodynamics The Importance of the Second Law for Chemical Reactions Chemical Exergies Fuel Exergies Chemical Potentials The Law of Mass Action Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Constants of the Law of Mass Action; Law of Le Chatelier and Braun Model of Isothermal-Isobaric Reversible Chemical Reactions Model of Reversible Oxidation of Hydrogen Model of Arbitrary Homogeneous Reversible Chemical Reactions of Ideal Gases Reversible Storage of Heat and Work in the Form of Chemical Energy Fuel Cells Appendix Foreword Important Formula Characters Authors Vita Basic Thermodynamic Terms Applications of Thermodynamics System State, State Variables, Changes of State Process, Process Variables The First Law of Thermodynamics The Principle of Conservation of Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Work Volume Change Work Coupling Work Shift Work Pressure Change Work Friction Work Thermal Energy Internal Energy Heat Enthalpy Energy Balances Energy Balance for the Closed System Energy Balance for the Open System Heat Capacity Specific Heat Capacity The Specific Heat Capacity of Gases Fluid Mechanics General Aspects Flow Shapes Friction and Roughness Individual Resistances Equivalent Pipe Length The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Statement of the Second Law Reversible and Irreversible Processes Quasi-Static Changes of State Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Entropy Reversible Substitute Processes of Adiabatic Processes The Calculation of the Entropy Change Entropy as a State Variable, Total Differential The Entropy Change of Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Throttling Non-Adiabatic Process and Reversible Substitute Process Isentropic Change of State; Interpretations of Entropy Entropy Diagrams Circular Integral, Thermodynamic Temperature Dissipative Energy Ideal Gases Thermal Equation of State Law of Boyle and Mariotte Law of Gay-Lussac Physical Norm State Gas Thermometer Specific Gas Constant Universal Gas Constant Caloric State Variables of Ideal Gases Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy Changes of State Isochoric Change of State Isobaric Change of State Isothermal Change of State Isentropic Change of State Polytropic Change of State Changes of State with Variable Mass Specific Thermal Energy and Specific Work in the T,s Diagram Mixtures of Ideal Gases The Mixing Process in the Closed System The Mixing Process Without Total Volume Change The Mixing Process Without Temperature Change, Pressure Change and Total Volume Change The Mixing Process in the Open System Dynamics of Ideal Gases: Compressible Stationary Gas Flow Velocity of Sound and Propagation of Sound Energy Equation and Bernoulli Equation of Compressible One-Dimensional Ideal Gas Flow Stagnation State Variables and Critical State The Velocity Diagram of the Specific Energy Equation Flow Function Isentropic Gas Flow in Nozzles and Orifices Accelerated Compressible Flow Compression Shock Real Gases and Vapors Properties of Vapors Phase Transitions Two-Phase Regions Boiling and Condensing Evaporation and Thawing Liquid Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor State Superheated Vapor State Diagrams The p,v,T Surface The T,s Diagram The h,s Diagram Thermal Equations of State The van der Waals Equation The Boundary Curve and the Maxwell Relation The Reduced van der Waals Equation Different Approaches Virial Coefficients Calculation of State Variables; Property Tables The Caloric State Variables The Specific Heat Capacities cp and cv The Isentropic Exponent and the Isothermal Exponent The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Free Energy and Free Enthalpy General A g,s Diagram for Water and Steam The Joule-Thomson Effect Thermal Machines Classification and Types of Machines Classification According to the Direction of Energy Conversion Classification According to the Construction of the Machines Classification According to the Type of Process Taking Place Ideal Machines Compression and Expansion in Ideal Machines Multi-Stage Compression and Expansion The Energy Balance for Flow Machines The Energy Balance for Displacement Machines Energy Balances for Real Machines Internal or Indexed Work Total Work Total Enthalpy Real Machines The Uncooled Compressor The Cooled Compressor Piston Compressor Turbo Compressor Gas and Steam Turbines Efficiencies Comparison Processes The Internal Efficiency The Mechanical Efficiency The Total Efficiency The Isentropic Efficiency The Isothermal Efficiency The Polytropic Efficiency Cyclic Processes Cyclic Process Work, Heat Input and Heat Output Right-Hand and Left-Hand Cyclic Processes The Theory of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Conversion of Thermal to Mechanical Energy Thermal Efficiency Right-Hand Carnot Process Effect of Irreversible Processes Carnot Factor Technically Used Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Seiliger Process, Otto Process, Diesel Process, Generalised Diesel Process Joule Process Ericsson Process Stirling Process Single-Polytropic Carnot Process Gas Expansion Process Clausius-Rankine Process Comparative Evaluation of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Process Variables and Cyclic Processes Mechanical Effort Ratios and Thermal Effort Ratios Evaluation Criteria For Important Thermodynamic Cyclic Processes General Thermodynamic Relations Examples Graphical Representation of the Thermodynamic Relations Cyclic Process Calculations for Real Fluids Left-Hand Cyclic Processes Performance Number Left-Hand Carnot Process Left-Hand Joule Process Gas Expansion Process as a Left-Hand Cycle Process Cold Vapor Compression Process Exergy Energy and Exergy Exergy of Heat Exergy of Bound Energy Exergy of Temperature Change Heat Exergy of Volume Change Work Exergy of Shift Work Exergy of Pressure Change Work Exergy of Internal Energy Exergy of Enthalpy Exergy of Free Energy Exergy of Free Enthalpy Difference between EU and EF Difference between EH and EG Free Energy and Free Enthalpy as Thermodynamic Potentials Exergy and Anergy Anergy in a p, V Diagram and in a T,S Diagram Anergy-Free Energies Exergy Loss Irreversibility and Exergy Loss Exergy Loss and Anergy Gain Exergetic Efficiencies Heat Transfer Heat Radiation Stefan-Boltzmann Law Kirchhoff ’s Law Planck’s Radiation Law Wien’s Displacement Law Lambert’s Cosine Law Irradiance Number Radiation Exchange Cavity Method Envelopment of One Surface by Another Two Parallel Surfaces of Equal Size Matrix Representation Stationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Wall Pipe Wall Instationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Single-Layer Wall Semi-Infinite Body Heat Transfer by Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Similarity Theory Reynolds Analogy Prandtl Analogy Power Number Approaches for Laminar and Turbulent Flow Approaches for Phase Transitions Over-All Heat Transfer Over-All Heat Transfer Coefficient Fin Efficiency and Area Efficiency Mean Temperature Difference Operating Characteristic (Effectiveness) Finned Heat Transfer Surfaces Straight Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Circular Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Partition Wall Heat Exchangers Unidirectional Flow Heat Exchanger Counterflow Heat Exchanger Crossflow Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer with Phase Transition in a Heat Exchanger Evaluation and Design Correction Factor for a Crossflow Heat Exchanger Representation of the Operating Characteristic Longitudinal Heat Conduction in a Plane Partition Wall Design Diagram Humid Air State Variables of Humid Air Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio and Saturation Specific Enthalpy Changes of State of Humid Air Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities The h,x Diagram of Mollier Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities Evaporation Model Evaporation Coefficient Energy Balances Lewis Relationship Cooling Limit Evaporation and Dew Precipitation Water Vapor Diffusion Through Walls Combustion Fuels Gaseous Fuels Solid and Liquid Fuels Composition of the Combustion Gas, Combustion Triangles, Combustion Control Technical Aspects of Combustion Initiation and Progression of Combustion Complete and Incomplete Combustion Dew Point of Combustion Gases Chimney Draught Upper Calorific Value and Lower Calorific Value Theoretical Combustion Temperature Chemical Thermodynamics Systems Involving Chemical Reactions Reaction Turnover and Reaction Rate Molar Enthalpies of Reaction and Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Molar Enthalpies of Reaction Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Absolute Molar Entropies; Third Law of Thermodynamics The Importance of the Second Law for Chemical Reactions Chemical Exergies Fuel Exergies Chemical Potentials The Law of Mass Action Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Constants of the Law of Mass Action; Law of Le Chatelier and Braun Model of Isothermal-Isobaric Reversible Chemical Reactions Model of Reversible Oxidation of Hydrogen Model of Arbitrary Homogeneous Reversible Chemical Reactions of Ideal Gases Reversible Storage of Heat and Work in the Form of Chemical Energy Fuel Cells Appendix Index Foreword Important Formula Characters Authors Vita Basic Thermodynamic Terms Applications of Thermodynamics System State, State Variables, Changes of State Process, Process Variables The First Law of Thermodynamics The Principle of Conservation of Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Work Volume Change Work Coupling Work Shift Work Pressure Change Work Friction Work Thermal Energy Internal Energy Heat Enthalpy Energy Balances Energy Balance for the Closed System Energy Balance for the Open System Heat Capacity Specific Heat Capacity The Specific Heat Capacity of Gases Fluid Mechanics General Aspects Flow Shapes Friction and Roughness Individual Resistances Equivalent Pipe Length The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Statement of the Second Law Reversible and Irreversible Processes Quasi-Static Changes of State Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Entropy Reversible Substitute Processes of Adiabatic Processes The Calculation of the Entropy Change Entropy as a State Variable, Total Differential The Entropy Change of Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Throttling Non-Adiabatic Process and Reversible Substitute Process Isentropic Change of State; Interpretations of Entropy Entropy Diagrams Circular Integral, Thermodynamic Temperature Dissipative Energy Ideal Gases Thermal Equation of State Law of Boyle and Mariotte Law of Gay-Lussac Physical Norm State Gas Thermometer Specific Gas Constant Universal Gas Constant Caloric State Variables of Ideal Gases Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy Changes of State Isochoric Change of State Isobaric Change of State Isothermal Change of State Isentropic Change of State Polytropic Change of State Changes of State with Variable Mass Specific Thermal Energy and Specific Work in the T,s Diagram Mixtures of Ideal Gases The Mixing Process in the Closed System The Mixing Process Without Total Volume Change The Mixing Process Without Temperature Change, Pressure Change and Total Volume Change The Mixing Process in the Open System Dynamics of Ideal Gases: Compressible Stationary Gas Flow Velocity of Sound and Propagation of Sound Energy Equation and Bernoulli Equation of Compressible One-Dimensional Ideal Gas Flow Stagnation State Variables and Critical State The Velocity Diagram of the Specific Energy Equation Flow Function Isentropic Gas Flow in Nozzles and Orifices Accelerated Compressible Flow Compression Shock Real Gases and Vapors Properties of Vapors Phase Transitions Two-Phase Regions Boiling and Condensing Evaporation and Thawing Liquid Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor State Superheated Vapor State Diagrams The p,v,T Surface The T,s Diagram The h,s Diagram Thermal Equations of State The van der Waals Equation The Boundary Curve and the Maxwell Relation The Reduced van der Waals Equation Different Approaches Virial Coefficients Calculation of State Variables; Property Tables The Caloric State Variables The Specific Heat Capacities cp and cv The Isentropic Exponent and the Isothermal Exponent The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Free Energy and Free Enthalpy General A g,s Diagram for Water and Steam The Joule-Thomson Effect Thermal Machines Classification and Types of Machines Classification According to the Direction of Energy Conversion Classification According to the Construction of the Machines Classification According to the Type of Process Taking Place Ideal Machines Compression and Expansion in Ideal Machines Multi-Stage Compression and Expansion The Energy Balance for Flow Machines The Energy Balance for Displacement Machines Energy Balances for Real Machines Internal or Indexed Work Total Work Total Enthalpy Real Machines The Uncooled Compressor The Cooled Compressor Piston Compressor Turbo Compressor Gas and Steam Turbines Efficiencies Comparison Processes The Internal Efficiency The Mechanical Efficiency The Total Efficiency The Isentropic Efficiency The Isothermal Efficiency The Polytropic Efficiency Cyclic Processes Cyclic Process Work, Heat Input and Heat Output Right-Hand and Left-Hand Cyclic Processes The Theory of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Conversion of Thermal to Mechanical Energy Thermal Efficiency Right-Hand Carnot Process Effect of Irreversible Processes Carnot Factor Technically Used Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Seiliger Process, Otto Process, Diesel Process, Generalised Diesel Process Joule Process Ericsson Process Stirling Process Single-Polytropic Carnot Process Gas Expansion Process Clausius-Rankine Process Comparative Evaluation of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Process Variables and Cyclic Processes Mechanical Effort Ratios and Thermal Effort Ratios Evaluation Criteria For Important Thermodynamic Cyclic Processes General Thermodynamic Relations Examples Graphical Representation of the Thermodynamic Relations Cyclic Process Calculations for Real Fluids Left-Hand Cyclic Processes Performance Number Left-Hand Carnot Process Left-Hand Joule Process Gas Expansion Process as a Left-Hand Cycle Process Cold Vapor Compression Process Exergy Energy and Exergy Exergy of Heat Exergy of Bound Energy Exergy of Temperature Change Heat Exergy of Volume Change Work Exergy of Shift Work Exergy of Pressure Change Work Exergy of Internal Energy Exergy of Enthalpy Exergy of Free Energy Exergy of Free Enthalpy Difference between EU and EF Difference between EH and EG Free Energy and Free Enthalpy as Thermodynamic Potentials Exergy and Anergy Anergy in a p, V Diagram and in a T,S Diagram Anergy-Free Energies Exergy Loss Irreversibility and Exergy Loss Exergy Loss and Anergy Gain Exergetic Efficiencies Heat Transfer Heat Radiation Stefan-Boltzmann Law Kirchhoff ’s Law Planck’s Radiation Law Wien’s Displacement Law Lambert’s Cosine Law Irradiance Number Radiation Exchange Cavity Method Envelopment of One Surface by Another Two Parallel Surfaces of Equal Size Matrix Representation Stationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Wall Pipe Wall Instationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Single-Layer Wall Semi-Infinite Body Heat Transfer by Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Similarity Theory Reynolds Analogy Prandtl Analogy Power Number Approaches for Laminar and Turbulent Flow Approaches for Phase Transitions Over-All Heat Transfer Over-All Heat Transfer Coefficient Fin Efficiency and Area Efficiency Mean Temperature Difference Operating Characteristic (Effectiveness) Finned Heat Transfer Surfaces Straight Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Circular Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Partition Wall Heat Exchangers Unidirectional Flow Heat Exchanger Counterflow Heat Exchanger Crossflow Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer with Phase Transition in a Heat Exchanger Evaluation and Design Correction Factor for a Crossflow Heat Exchanger Representation of the Operating Characteristic Longitudinal Heat Conduction in a Plane Partition Wall Design Diagram Humid Air State Variables of Humid Air Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio and Saturation Specific Enthalpy Changes of State of Humid Air Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities The h,x Diagram of Mollier Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities Evaporation Model Evaporation Coefficient Energy Balances Lewis Relationship Cooling Limit Evaporation and Dew Precipitation Water Vapor Diffusion Through Walls Combustion Fuels Gaseous Fuels Solid and Liquid Fuels Composition of the Combustion Gas, Combustion Triangles, Combustion Control Technical Aspects of Combustion Initiation and Progression of Combustion Complete and Incomplete Combustion Dew Point of Combustion Gases Chimney Draught Upper Calorific Value and Lower Calorific Value Theoretical Combustion Temperature Chemical Thermodynamics Systems Involving Chemical Reactions Reaction Turnover and Reaction Rate Molar Enthalpies of Reaction and Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Molar Enthalpies of Reaction Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Absolute Molar Entropies; Third Law of Thermodynamics The Importance of the Second Law for Chemical Reactions Chemical Exergies Fuel Exergies Chemical Potentials The Law of Mass Action Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Constants of the Law of Mass Action; Law of Le Chatelier and Braun Model of Isothermal-Isobaric Reversible Chemical Reactions Model of Reversible Oxidation of Hydrogen Model of Arbitrary Homogeneous Reversible Chemical Reactions of Ideal Gases Reversible Storage of Heat and Work in the Form of Chemical Energy Fuel Cells Appendix Index Foreword Important Formula Characters Authors Vita Basic Thermodynamic Terms Applications of Thermodynamics System State, State Variables, Changes of State Process, Process Variables The First Law of Thermodynamics The Principle of Conservation of Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Work Volume Change Work Coupling Work Shift Work Pressure Change Work Friction Work Thermal Energy Internal Energy Heat Enthalpy Energy Balances Energy Balance for the Closed System Energy Balance for the Open System Heat Capacity Specific Heat Capacity The Specific Heat Capacity of Gases Fluid Mechanics General Aspects Flow Shapes Friction and Roughness Individual Resistances Equivalent Pipe Length The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Statement of the Second Law Reversible and Irreversible Processes Quasi-Static Changes of State Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Entropy Reversible Substitute Processes of Adiabatic Processes The Calculation of the Entropy Change Entropy as a State Variable, Total Differential The Entropy Change of Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Throttling Non-Adiabatic Process and Reversible Substitute Process Isentropic Change of State; Interpretations of Entropy Entropy Diagrams Circular Integral, Thermodynamic Temperature Dissipative Energy Ideal Gases Thermal Equation of State Law of Boyle and Mariotte Law of Gay-Lussac Physical Norm State Gas Thermometer Specific Gas Constant Universal Gas Constant Caloric State Variables of Ideal Gases Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy Changes of State Isochoric Change of State Isobaric Change of State Isothermal Change of State Isentropic Change of State Polytropic Change of State Changes of State with Variable Mass Specific Thermal Energy and Specific Work in the T,s Diagram Mixtures of Ideal Gases The Mixing Process in the Closed System The Mixing Process Without Total Volume Change The Mixing Process Without Temperature Change, Pressure Change and Total Volume Change The Mixing Process in the Open System Dynamics of Ideal Gases: Compressible Stationary Gas Flow Velocity of Sound and Propagation of Sound Energy Equation and Bernoulli Equation of Compressible One-Dimensional Ideal Gas Flow Stagnation State Variables and Critical State The Velocity Diagram of the Specific Energy Equation Flow Function Isentropic Gas Flow in Nozzles and Orifices Accelerated Compressible Flow Compression Shock Real Gases and Vapors Properties of Vapors Phase Transitions Two-Phase Regions Boiling and Condensing Evaporation and Thawing Liquid Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor State Superheated Vapor State Diagrams The p,v,T Surface The T,s Diagram The h,s Diagram Thermal Equations of State The van der Waals Equation The Boundary Curve and the Maxwell Relation The Reduced van der Waals Equation Different Approaches Virial Coefficients Calculation of State Variables; Property Tables The Caloric State Variables The Specific Heat Capacities cp and cv The Isentropic Exponent and the Isothermal Exponent The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Free Energy and Free Enthalpy General A g,s Diagram for Water and Steam The Joule-Thomson Effect Thermal Machines Classification and Types of Machines Classification According to the Direction of Energy Conversion Classification According to the Construction of the Machines Classification According to the Type of Process Taking Place Ideal Machines Compression and Expansion in Ideal Machines Multi-Stage Compression and Expansion The Energy Balance for Flow Machines The Energy Balance for Displacement Machines Energy Balances for Real Machines Internal or Indexed Work Total Work Total Enthalpy Real Machines The Uncooled Compressor The Cooled Compressor Piston Compressor Turbo Compressor Gas and Steam Turbines Efficiencies Comparison Processes The Internal Efficiency The Mechanical Efficiency The Total Efficiency The Isentropic Efficiency The Isothermal Efficiency The Polytropic Efficiency Cyclic Processes Cyclic Process Work, Heat Input and Heat Output Right-Hand and Left-Hand Cyclic Processes The Theory of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Conversion of Thermal to Mechanical Energy Thermal Efficiency Right-Hand Carnot Process Effect of Irreversible Processes Carnot Factor Technically Used Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Seiliger Process, Otto Process, Diesel Process, Generalised Diesel Process Joule Process Ericsson Process Stirling Process Single-Polytropic Carnot Process Gas Expansion Process Clausius-Rankine Process Comparative Evaluation of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Process Variables and Cyclic Processes Mechanical Effort Ratios and Thermal Effort Ratios Evaluation Criteria For Important Thermodynamic Cyclic Processes General Thermodynamic Relations Examples Graphical Representation of the Thermodynamic Relations Cyclic Process Calculations for Real Fluids Left-Hand Cyclic Processes Performance Number Left-Hand Carnot Process Left-Hand Joule Process Gas Expansion Process as a Left-Hand Cycle Process Cold Vapor Compression Process Exergy Energy and Exergy Exergy of Heat Exergy of Bound Energy Exergy of Temperature Change Heat Exergy of Volume Change Work Exergy of Shift Work Exergy of Pressure Change Work Exergy of Internal Energy Exergy of Enthalpy Exergy of Free Energy Exergy of Free Enthalpy Difference between EU and EF Difference between EH and EG Free Energy and Free Enthalpy as Thermodynamic Potentials Exergy and Anergy Anergy in a p, V Diagram and in a T,S Diagram Anergy-Free Energies Exergy Loss Irreversibility and Exergy Loss Exergy Loss and Anergy Gain Exergetic Efficiencies Heat Transfer Heat Radiation Stefan-Boltzmann Law Kirchhoff ’s Law Planck’s Radiation Law Wien’s Displacement Law Lambert’s Cosine Law Irradiance Number Radiation Exchange Cavity Method Envelopment of One Surface by Another Two Parallel Surfaces of Equal Size Matrix Representation Stationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Wall Pipe Wall Instationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Single-Layer Wall Semi-Infinite Body Heat Transfer by Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Similarity Theory Reynolds Analogy Prandtl Analogy Power Number Approaches for Laminar and Turbulent Flow Approaches for Phase Transitions Over-All Heat Transfer Over-All Heat Transfer Coefficient Fin Efficiency and Area Efficiency Mean Temperature Difference Operating Characteristic (Effectiveness) Finned Heat Transfer Surfaces Straight Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Circular Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Partition Wall Heat Exchangers Unidirectional Flow Heat Exchanger Counterflow Heat Exchanger Crossflow Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer with Phase Transition in a Heat Exchanger Evaluation and Design Correction Factor for a Crossflow Heat Exchanger Representation of the Operating Characteristic Longitudinal Heat Conduction in a Plane Partition Wall Design Diagram Humid Air State Variables of Humid Air Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio and Saturation Specific Enthalpy Changes of State of Humid Air Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities The h,x Diagram of Mollier Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities Evaporation Model Evaporation Coefficient Energy Balances Lewis Relationship Cooling Limit Evaporation and Dew Precipitation Water Vapor Diffusion Through Walls Combustion Fuels Gaseous Fuels Solid and Liquid Fuels Composition of the Combustion Gas, Combustion Triangles, Combustion Control Technical Aspects of Combustion Initiation and Progression of Combustion Complete and Incomplete Combustion Dew Point of Combustion Gases Chimney Draught Upper Calorific Value and Lower Calorific Value Theoretical Combustion Temperature Chemical Thermodynamics Systems Involving Chemical Reactions Reaction Turnover and Reaction Rate Molar Enthalpies of Reaction and Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Molar Enthalpies of Reaction Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Absolute Molar Entropies; Third Law of Thermodynamics The Importance of the Second Law for Chemical Reactions Chemical Exergies Fuel Exergies Chemical Potentials The Law of Mass Action Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Constants of the Law of Mass Action; Law of Le Chatelier and Braun Model of Isothermal-Isobaric Reversible Chemical Reactions Model of Reversible Oxidation of Hydrogen Model of Arbitrary Homogeneous Reversible Chemical Reactions of Ideal Gases Reversible Storage of Heat and Work in the Form of Chemical Energy Fuel Cells Appendix Index Foreword Important Formula Characters Authors Vita Basic Thermodynamic Terms Applications of Thermodynamics System State, State Variables, Changes of State Process, Process Variables The First Law of Thermodynamics The Principle of Conservation of Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Work Volume Change Work Coupling Work Shift Work Pressure Change Work Friction Work Thermal Energy Internal Energy Heat Enthalpy Energy Balances Energy Balance for the Closed System Energy Balance for the Open System Heat Capacity Specific Heat Capacity The Specific Heat Capacity of Gases Fluid Mechanics General Aspects Flow Shapes Friction and Roughness Individual Resistances Equivalent Pipe Length The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Statement of the Second Law Reversible and Irreversible Processes Quasi-Static Changes of State Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Entropy Reversible Substitute Processes of Adiabatic Processes The Calculation of the Entropy Change Entropy as a State Variable, Total Differential The Entropy Change of Irreversible Processes Friction Temperature Equalisation Pressure Equalisation Throttling Non-Adiabatic Process and Reversible Substitute Process Isentropic Change of State; Interpretations of Entropy Entropy Diagrams Circular Integral, Thermodynamic Temperature Dissipative Energy Ideal Gases Thermal Equation of State Law of Boyle and Mariotte Law of Gay-Lussac Physical Norm State Gas Thermometer Specific Gas Constant Universal Gas Constant Caloric State Variables of Ideal Gases Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy Changes of State Isochoric Change of State Isobaric Change of State Isothermal Change of State Isentropic Change of State Polytropic Change of State Changes of State with Variable Mass Specific Thermal Energy and Specific Work in the T,s Diagram Mixtures of Ideal Gases The Mixing Process in the Closed System The Mixing Process Without Total Volume Change The Mixing Process Without Temperature Change, Pressure Change and Total Volume Change The Mixing Process in the Open System Dynamics of Ideal Gases: Compressible Stationary Gas Flow Velocity of Sound and Propagation of Sound Energy Equation and Bernoulli Equation of Compressible One-Dimensional Ideal Gas Flow Stagnation State Variables and Critical State The Velocity Diagram of the Specific Energy Equation Flow Function Isentropic Gas Flow in Nozzles and Orifices Accelerated Compressible Flow Compression Shock Real Gases and Vapors Properties of Vapors Phase Transitions Two-Phase Regions Boiling and Condensing Evaporation and Thawing Liquid Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor State Superheated Vapor State Diagrams The p,v,T Surface The T,s Diagram The h,s Diagram Thermal Equations of State The van der Waals Equation The Boundary Curve and the Maxwell Relation The Reduced van der Waals Equation Different Approaches Virial Coefficients Calculation of State Variables; Property Tables The Caloric State Variables The Specific Heat Capacities cp and cv The Isentropic Exponent and the Isothermal Exponent The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Free Energy and Free Enthalpy General A g,s Diagram for Water and Steam The Joule-Thomson Effect Thermal Machines Classification and Types of Machines Classification According to the Direction of Energy Conversion Classification According to the Construction of the Machines Classification According to the Type of Process Taking Place Ideal Machines Compression and Expansion in Ideal Machines Multi-Stage Compression and Expansion The Energy Balance for Flow Machines The Energy Balance for Displacement Machines Energy Balances for Real Machines Internal or Indexed Work Total Work Total Enthalpy Real Machines The Uncooled Compressor The Cooled Compressor Piston Compressor Turbo Compressor Gas and Steam Turbines Efficiencies Comparison Processes The Internal Efficiency The Mechanical Efficiency The Total Efficiency The Isentropic Efficiency The Isothermal Efficiency The Polytropic Efficiency Cyclic Processes Cyclic Process Work, Heat Input and Heat Output Right-Hand and Left-Hand Cyclic Processes The Theory of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Conversion of Thermal to Mechanical Energy Thermal Efficiency Right-Hand Carnot Process Effect of Irreversible Processes Carnot Factor Technically Used Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Seiliger Process, Otto Process, Diesel Process, Generalised Diesel Process Joule Process Ericsson Process Stirling Process Single-Polytropic Carnot Process Gas Expansion Process Clausius-Rankine Process Comparative Evaluation of Right-Hand Cyclic Processes Process Variables and Cyclic Processes Mechanical Effort Ratios and Thermal Effort Ratios Evaluation Criteria For Important Thermodynamic Cyclic Processes General Thermodynamic Relations Examples Graphical Representation of the Thermodynamic Relations Cyclic Process Calculations for Real Fluids Left-Hand Cyclic Processes Performance Number Left-Hand Carnot Process Left-Hand Joule Process Gas Expansion Process as a Left-Hand Cycle Process Cold Vapor Compression Process Exergy Energy and Exergy Exergy of Heat Exergy of Bound Energy Exergy of Temperature Change Heat Exergy of Volume Change Work Exergy of Shift Work Exergy of Pressure Change Work Exergy of Internal Energy Exergy of Enthalpy Exergy of Free Energy Exergy of Free Enthalpy Difference between EU and EF Difference between EH and EG Free Energy and Free Enthalpy as Thermodynamic Potentials Exergy and Anergy Anergy in a p, V Diagram and in a T,S Diagram Anergy-Free Energies Exergy Loss Irreversibility and Exergy Loss Exergy Loss and Anergy Gain Exergetic Efficiencies Heat Transfer Heat Radiation Stefan-Boltzmann Law Kirchhoff ’s Law Planck’s Radiation Law Wien’s Displacement Law Lambert’s Cosine Law Irradiance Number Radiation Exchange Cavity Method Envelopment of One Surface by Another Two Parallel Surfaces of Equal Size Matrix Representation Stationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Wall Pipe Wall Instationary One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Plane Single-Layer Wall Semi-Infinite Body Heat Transfer by Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Similarity Theory Reynolds Analogy Prandtl Analogy Power Number Approaches for Laminar and Turbulent Flow Approaches for Phase Transitions Over-All Heat Transfer Over-All Heat Transfer Coefficient Fin Efficiency and Area Efficiency Mean Temperature Difference Operating Characteristic (Effectiveness) Finned Heat Transfer Surfaces Straight Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Circular Fin with Rectangular Cross-Section Partition Wall Heat Exchangers Unidirectional Flow Heat Exchanger Counterflow Heat Exchanger Crossflow Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer with Phase Transition in a Heat Exchanger Evaluation and Design Correction Factor for a Crossflow Heat Exchanger Representation of the Operating Characteristic Longitudinal Heat Conduction in a Plane Partition Wall Design Diagram Humid Air State Variables of Humid Air Relative Humidity Humidity Ratio and Saturation Specific Enthalpy Changes of State of Humid Air Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities The h,x Diagram of Mollier Temperature Change Humidification and Dehumidification Mixing of Two Humid Air Quantities Evaporation Model Evaporation Coefficient Energy Balances Lewis Relationship Cooling Limit Evaporation and Dew Precipitation Water Vapor Diffusion Through Walls Combustion Fuels Gaseous Fuels Solid and Liquid Fuels Composition of the Combustion Gas, Combustion Triangles, Combustion Control Technical Aspects of Combustion Initiation and Progression of Combustion Complete and Incomplete Combustion Dew Point of Combustion Gases Chimney Draught Upper Calorific Value and Lower Calorific Value Theoretical Combustion Temperature Chemical Thermodynamics Systems Involving Chemical Reactions Reaction Turnover and Reaction Rate Molar Enthalpies of Reaction and Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Molar Enthalpies of Reaction Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation; Theorem of Hess Absolute Molar Entropies; Third Law of Thermodynamics The Importance of the Second Law for Chemical Reactions Chemical Exergies Fuel Exergies Chemical Potentials The Law of Mass Action Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Constants of the Law of Mass Action; Law of Le Chatelier and Braun Model of Isothermal-Isobaric Reversible Chemical Reactions Model of Reversible Oxidation of Hydrogen Model of Arbitrary Homogeneous Reversible Chemical Reactions of Ideal Gases Reversible Storage of Heat and Work in the Form of Chemical Energy Fuel Cells Appendix

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